Geography Reference
In-Depth Information
Glossary
a posteriori methods cladistic biogeographic methods that deal with dispersal, ex-
tinction, and duplicated lineages after the parsimony analysis of a data matrix
based on the unmodified taxon-area cladograms. They include Brooks parsi-
mony analysis and component compatibility.
a priori methods cladistic biogeographic methods that allow modification of the
area relationships in the taxon-area cladograms to deal with dispersal, extinc-
tions, or duplicated lineages, in order to obtain resolved area cladograms and
provide the optimum fit to a general area cladogram. They include component
analysis, tree reconciliation analysis, and three area statement analysis.
area cladistics cladistic biogeographic method derived from component and three
areastatementanalysesinwhichonebeginsbyreplacingthenamesoftheter-
minal taxa of two or more taxon-area cladograms and deriving areagrams and
then resolving paralogy using the transparent method. Combining areagrams
of different taxa inhabiting the same areas allows identification of patterns.
area of endemism area of nonrandom distributional congruence between different
taxa.
Asiamerica supercontinent from the Late Cretaceous that included western North
America and Asia.
assumption 0 considers areas inhabited by a widespread taxon as a monophyletic
group in the resolved area cladogram, meaning that the taxon is treated as a
synapomorphy of the areas.
assumption 1 considers areas inhabited by a widespread taxon as a monophyletic
or paraphyletic group.
assumption 2 considers areas inhabited by a widespread taxon as a monophyletic,
paraphyletic, or polyphyletic group.
barrier geographic feature that hinders dispersal. It is easily identified with geo-
graphic elements such as mountains, rivers, and seas. In the marine environ-
ment, in addition to land barriers, there can be more subtle barriers, represen-
ted by changes in physicochemical properties.
baseline spatial correlation between an individual track and a geographic or geolo-
gical feature, such as an ocean or marine basin, a river, or a mountain chain,
that is used to orient an individual track.
biogeographic convergence biotic mixture caused by geodispersal that leads to
the reticulated, nonhierarchical evolution of a biotic component.
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