Geography Reference
In-Depth Information
MODELTESTversion3.06(PosadaandCrandall1998)wasusedtodeterminethe
model of sequence evolution and PAUP version 4.10b (Swofford 2003) to compute
the maximum likelihood cladograms. Dates of evolutionary divergence between
lineages were estimated using molecular clock calibrations with the fossil record
of
Bos
and
Dama
. Nested clade analysis was performed with GeoDis version 2.0
(Posada et al. 2000).
The maximum likelihood search found a cladogram (
fig. 7.7a
), which clearly
shows eleven distinct groups: Western Europe, Balkan, Middle East, Africa, Tarim,
North Asia and America, South Asia, East Asia, and the three outgroups. The nes-
ted clade analysis (
fig. 7.7b
) indicated that haplotypes from western red deer were
subdivided into Western Europe (H), Africa (I), and South Europe (FG), whereas
haplotypes from eastern red deer formed a single network (BCDE). The results of
the nested clade analysis indicate vicariance for the eastern red deer (Clade 5.1)
and for the North America and Asia branch (Clade 3.5), restricted gene flow with
isolation by distance for the East Asia branch (Clade 2.4), and contiguous range
expansion for the western red deer (FGHI).
Ludt et al. (2004) concluded that western red deer (Eurasia) and eastern red
deer (North America and Asia) clearly represent two species,
Cervus elaphus
and
C. canadensis,
respectively. Their subdivision into subspecies was not supported
by the analysis. Western red deer can be subdivided into four subgroups (Western
Europe, Balkan, Middle East, and Africa) and eastern red deer can be subdivided
into three subgroups (North Asia and America, South Asia, and East Asia).
