Testing Relationships Between Biotic Components - Evolutionary Biogeography - page 198

cladogram; (h) E. fraxinoides taxon-area cladogram; (i) resolved area cladogram, showing
the alternative positions of E 2 . A, Queensland Blackdown Tablelands; B, Northern Table-
lands; C, Central Tablelands NSW and adjacent western slopes; D, Southern Tablelands
NSW;E 1 ,GreatDividingRange,Victoria;E 2 ,Mt.BuffaloVictoria;F,KangarooIsland,South
Australia; G, Tasmania; H, escarpment southern NSW; I, Blue Mountains; J, North Coast;
K, Central and Southern Coast NSW.
References
Farris, J. S. 1988. Hennig86 reference. Version 1.5. Port Jefferson, N.Y.: Author.
Ladiges,P.Y.,S.M.Prober,andG.Nelson.1992.Cladisticandbiogeographicanalysis
of the “blue ash” eucalypts. Cladistics 8:103-124.
Tree Reconciliation Analysis
Tree reconciliation analysis is also known as maximum cospeciation (Crisci
et al. 2000), maximum vicariance (Sanmartín and Ronquist 2002), and
parsimony-based tree fitting (Sanmartín and Ronquist 2004). It was de-
veloped independently in molecular systematics, parasitology, and biogeo-
graphy as a way to describe historical associations between genes and or-
ganisms (Goodman et al. 1979), parasites and hosts (Mitter and Brooks
1983), and taxa and areas (Page 1990a, 1993b; Page and Charleston
1998), respectively (see table 5.1 ). It was formalized by Page (1994a,
1994b) as a general method that maximizes the amount of codivergence
or shared history between area cladograms from different taxa, minimizing
losses (due to extinctions or lack of collection) and duplications (independ-
ent vicariance events) when different area cladograms are combined to ob-
tain a general area cladogram (Morrone and Crisci 1995; van Veller et al.
2000; Vargas 2002).
When there is correspondence between the taxa and the components
of the area cladograms that are compared, they are reconciled easily ( fig.
5.15a ) . In most cases, there is no complete correspondence between the
cladogram topologies, so in order to reconcile them, some components
must be duplicated. In fig. 5.15b , component b was duplicated, giving rise to
an identical component b' that contains terminal taxa Africa', South Amer-
ica', and Australia'. In biogeography, codivergence between areas and or-
ganismsisequivalenttovicariance,duplicationsareequivalenttospeciation
independent of the vicariance events, horizontal transference is equivalent
to dispersal, and losses are equivalent to extinction events.