Geography Reference
In-Depth Information
A node was identified by Cortés and Franco (1997) in northern Antioquia that
corresponds to the node of Santander, previously recognized by Croizat (1976).
This node is important because it is based on generalized tracks directed toward
South and Central America. Croizat defined Colombia as a whole as a node; ad-
ditionally, he found sectors in the country that constituted smaller nodes (e.g.,
Santander, San Andrés, Providencia, and Macarena). According to Croizat, these
tracks are the result of the collision of a large piece of geological coast of Cent-
ral and South America in the Caribbean Sea. In the marine region between San
Andrés, Providence, and central Panama, there is a concentration of generalized
tracks that connect the Antilles, islands of coastal Central and South America, the
Galápagos Islands, and areas of the northeastern Pacific.
References
Cortés, B. R. and P. Franco. 1997. Análisis panbiogeográfico de la flora de Chiribi-
quete, Colombia.
Caldasia
19:465-478.
Croizat, L. 1976.
Biogeografía analítica y sintética (“panbiogeografía”) de las
Américas.
Caracas, Venezuela: Biblioteca de la Academia de Ciencias Físicas,
Matemáticas y Naturales.
Felsenstein, J. 1986.
Phylogenetic inference package (PHYLIP)
. Seattle: University of
Washington.
PAE is also known as parsimony analysis of shared presences (Rosen and
Smith 1988), simplicity analysis of endemicity (Crisci et al. 2000), parsimony
analysis of distributions (Trejo-Torres and Ackerman 2001), parsimony ana-
lysis of species sets (Trejo-Torres 2003), cladistic analysis of distributions
and endemism (Porzecanski and Cracraft 2005), and parsimony analysis
of community assemblages (Ribichich 2005). It was formulated originally
by Rosen (1985) and fully developed by Rosen (1988b) and Rosen and
mony analysis of a presence-absence data matrix of species and supraspe-
cific taxa (Cecca 2002; Cracraft 1991; Escalante and Morrone 2003; Mor-
rone 1994a, 1994b, 1998; Myers 1991; Nihei 2006; Porzecanski and Crac-
raft 2005; Posadas and Miranda-Esquivel 1999; Rosen 1988b; Rosen and
Smith 1988; Trejo-Torres 2003). PAE cladograms may allow one to infer the
three biogeographic processes: Synapomorphies are interpreted as vicari-
ance events, parallelisms as dispersal events, and reversals as extinction
events.
