Energy Demand of Buildings - Low Energy Cooling for Sustainable Buildings - page 11

Figure 1.10 Measured consumption of electricity, heat and water heating in an office building with
passive house standard in Weilheim-Teck, Germany

132 kWh m − 2 a − 1 for an air-conditioned office (Zimmermann and Andersson, 1998).
Recent measurements in a university building in Southampton (Figure 1.11) within the
European-funded Ecobuilding project SARA gave electricity consumption for equip-
ment alone of 64 kWh m − 2 a − 1 . A study on commercial buildings in Osaka, Japan,
indicated an average electricity consumption of 75 kWh m − 2 a − 1 , but was not split into
different uses (Yamaguchi et al ., 2007). A survey on 6000 commercial buildings in
the USA showed a range of total electricity consumption for offices and commercial
buildings between 165 and 220 kWh m − 2 a − 1 (Energy Information Administration,

Figure 1.11 Monthly lighting energy and global horizontal irradiance for a newly constructed univer-
sity office building in Southampton