Energy Demand of Buildings - Low Energy Cooling for Sustainable Buildings - page 9

consumption values between 40 and 50 kWh m − 2 a − 1 . Measurements of electricity
consumption were also taken in a social housing district with 2500 inhabitants in
Turin, Italy, within the POLYCITY project: 622 apartments within 30 building blocks
were analysed. Here the average electricity consumption per household is low, about
1750 kWh per year, which corresponds to a specific consumption between 14 and
20 kWh m − 2 a − 1 .
1.2 Office Buildings
1.2.1 Heating Energy
Existing office and administrative buildings have approximately the same consump-
tion of heat as residential buildings and most have a higher electricity consumption.
According to a survey of the energy consumption of public buildings in the
state of Baden-W urttemberg in Germany, the average consumption of heat is
217 kWh m − 2 a − 1 . The specific energy consumption of naturally ventilated office
buildings in the UK is in a similar range of 200-220 kWh m − 2 a − 1 (Zimmermann and
Andersson, 1998). From the commercial sector in Japan, values of 59 kWh m − 2 a − 1
have been reported (Yamaguchi et al ., 2007). Measured heating energy data from a
variety of the author's projects (Lamparter office in Weilheim, Germany, Town Hall
Ostfildern, Germany, Isbank Tower, Istanbul) and case studies literature has been gath-
ered by the author and is shown in Figure 1.8. Heat consumption in administrative
buildings can be reduced without difficulty, by improved thermal insulation, to under
Figure 1.8 Office building projects with measured heating energy consumption in Europe