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A
B
40
40
T upper
30
30
20
20
10
10
T base
T base
0
-10
0
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
Temperature (°C)
Temperature (°C)
Thermal Time = Temperature - Tbase, TT ≥ 0
T opt
T optl
T optu
C
D
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
T base
T max
T base
T max
0.0
0.0
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
Temperature (°C)
Temperature (°C)
Thermal Time = DR × (Temperature - Tbase), TT ≥ 0
Fig. 2.3 Development rate as a function of temperature. Examples of different approaches for estimating thermal time are
shown in each graph. Curvilinear temperature response function shown in parts c and d are based on Friend et al. (1962),
Cao and Moss (1989), and Jame et al. (1998). T base is the base temperature (i.e., development rate is zero), T opt is the optimum
temperature (i.e., development rate is at the maximum), T optl and T optu are the lower and upper temperatures for the optimum
temperature range, and T max is the maximum temperature (i.e., development rate is zero).
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