Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
already shown value for animal feed. An indus-
trial type of wheat that combines these features
with low phytic acid content and high agronomic
yield should be another opportunity for wheat
production growth. In addition, conversion of
wheat straw through fermentation or thermo-
chemical routes should also contribute to biofuels
and other products in the future.
The greatest challenges facing the wheat
research community are (i) identifying commer-
cial applications for specialty-wheat cultivars, (ii)
convincing wheat growers to produce such culti-
vars, and (iii) developing a marketing system for
the acquisition and sale, by grain handlers, of spe-
cialty wheat cultivars. Germplasm is presently
available to incorporate traits of waxy endosperm,
high-amylose starch, low PPO activity, and
low phytate in hard white wheat backgrounds.
However, well-differentiated commercial appli-
cations have only been developed for hard white
wheat. Establishing well-defi ned, fi nancially
rewarding uses for additional types of novel wheat
remains the greatest challenge.
Anonymous. 1972. 'Clark's Cream' (PI476305), a
farmer-selected cultivar [Online]. Available at http://
www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/acc/search.
pl?acid=Clark%27s+Cream (verifi ed 7 Feb. 2008).
Anonymous. 2006. Bakery and snacks: Limagrain launches
'world's fi rst' instant waxy wheat fl our [Online]. Available
at http://www.bakeryandsnacks.com/news-by-product/
news.asp?id=71792&idCat=41&k=limagrain-wheat-fl our
(verifi ed 29 Jan. 2008).
Anonymous. 2007. White wheat: Supply and disappearance
[Online]. Available at http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/
Wheat/YBtable10.asp (verifi ed 29 Jan. 2008).
Archer, S.Y., S. Meng, A. Shei, and R.A. Hodin. 1998.
P21WAF1 is required for butyrate-mediated growth inhi-
bition of human colon cancer cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA 95:6791-6796.
Arnason, J.T., J. Gale, B. Conilh de Beyssac, A. Sen, S.S.
Miller, B.J.R. Philogene, J.D.H. Lambert, R.G. Fulcher,
A. Serratos, and J. Mihm. 1992. Role of phenolics in resis-
tance of maize grain to stored grain insects,
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Avivi-Green, C., S. Polak-Charcon, Z. Madar, and B.
Schwartz. 2002. Different molecular events account for
butyrate-induced apoptosis in two human colon cancer cell
lines. J. Nutr. 132:1812-1818.
Baik, B.K., Z. Czuchajowska, and Y. Pomeranz. 1995. Dis-
coloration of dough for oriental noodles. Cereal Chem.
72:198-205.
Behall, K.M., D.J. Scholfi eld, and J. Hallfrisch. 1997. Effect
of beta-glucan level in oat fi ber extracts on blood lipids in
men and women. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 16:46-51.
Bell, S., V.M. Goldman, and B.R. Bistrian. 1999. Effect of
beta-glucan from oats and yeast on serum lipids. Crit. Rev.
Food Sci. Nutr. 39:189-202.
Bernier, A.-M., and N.K. Howes. 1994. Quantifi cation of
variation in tyrosinase activity among durum and common
wheat cultivars. J. Cereal Sci. 19:157-159.
Bertolini, A.C., E. Souza, J.E. Nelson, and K.C. Huber.
2003. Composition and reactivity of A- and B-type starch
granules of normal, partial waxy, and waxy wheat. Cereal
Chem. 80:544-549.
Bettge, A.D. 2004. Collaborative study on
L
-DOPA—wheat
polyphenol oxidase assay (AACC Method 22-85). Cereal
Foods World 49:338-342.
Bettge, A.D., M.J. Giroux, and C.F. Morris. 2000. Suscep-
tibility of waxy starch granules to mechanical damage.
Cereal Chem. 77:750-753.
Bhattacharya, M., S.V. Erazo-Castrejón, D.C. Doehlert, and
M.C. McMullen. 2002. Staling of bread as affected by
waxy wheat fl our blends. Cereal Chem. 79:178-182.
Bouhnik, Y., B. Flourié, F. Ouarne, M. Riottot, N. Bisetti,
F. Bornet, and J. Rambaud. 1994. Effects of prolonged
ingestion of fructo-oligosaccharides on colonic bifi dobac-
teria, fecal enzymes and bile acids in humans. Gastroen-
terology 106:A598-A604.
Braaten, J.T., F.W. Scott, and P.J. Wood. 1994a. High beta-
glucan oat bran and oat gum reduce postprandial blood
glucose and insulin in subjects with and without type 2
diabetes. Diabet. Med. 11:312-318.
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