Information Technology Reference
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for each variable in the instrument using a panel
of experts. The third stage performed a pilot test
on 20 subjects, followed by a test on 66 subjects
to improve the instrument and increase its validity
and reliability. Finally, the instrument was used on
a large scale, where 34 items were the results of
this study that measured the variables of the study.
In later studies, Agarwal and Parasad (1998)
used part of the variables of the IDT like relative
advantage, ease of use and compatibility, to study
personal innovativeness influence on the rate of
adoption of new technology. The results of the
study indicated that personal innovativeness will
be a significant moderator in the relationships
influencing the rate of adoption of new technol-
ogy. On the other hand, other studies that depicted
the set of factors used in the IDT showed that
this theory is stronger in predicting the rate of
adoption than one of the widely used models in
the area; the technology acceptance model-TAM
(Davis, 1989). Results indicated that the IDT
explained 45% of the variability in the rate of
adoption, where the TAM explained only 32.7%
of the variability of the same construct (Plouffe,
Hulland & Vandenbosch, 2001).
Other studies that adopted some of the vari-
ables listed in the IDT and proposed by Moore
and Benbasat (1991) went and tested the tendency
to purchase on the Internet (Fitzgerald & Kiel,
2002). Using a snowball sampling method, 128
respondents were recruited to complete a survey
that included measures from three domains: per-
ceived attributes of use (included six constructs
from the IDT and perceived risk), traditional
normative beliefs (partner, family, friends, and
near peers), and Internet normative beliefs (e-mail,
discussion groups, virtual communities, and chat
rooms). The mediators in the model were attitude,
and motivation to comply with normative beliefs,
and the dependent variable was future use intent.
The results indicated that attitude was a strong
factor explaining the intent to use for both adopt-
ers and non-adopters. Also, the major constructs
explaining attitude were result demonstrability
and risk for adopters, and risk for non adopters.
Mirchandani and Motwani (2001) performed a
study related to the usage of e-commerce activities
and focused on the relative advantage and compat-
ibility, but added few constructs like: enthusiasm
of top manger, compatibility with the company,
relative advantage, and knowledge within the
firm. Speier and Venkatesh (2002) proposed a
comprehensive model to explore the perceptions
of salespeople that affected their decision to reject
a technology. The study analyzed the responses
at two points of time utilizing 454 salespeople
across two firms that implemented sales force
automation tools. The model tested the interactions
between individual characteristics, role percep-
tions, organization's characteristics, individual
perceptions of the technology, professional state,
person-fit technology, objective outcomes, and
subjective outcomes. Relative advantage was the
only significant factor from the set of individual
perceptions of the technology that affected job-
fit (at both time measures). Voluntariness had a
low effect on the individual perception factors.
Finally, the study reported a failure of the sales
force automation technology based on the rejec-
tion of the salespeople as a result of negative
job-related perceptions.
In an integration of multiple models in the
technology acceptance area, Hardgrave, Davis,
and Riemenschneider (2003) integrated the TAM/
TAM2, IDT, and TPB/TRA to come up with a
model that consisted of perceived usefulness,
complexity, compatibility, social pressure and
organizational mandate (voluntariness) as predic-
tors of intention to follow a methodology. The
results confirmed the effect of all factors except
complexity (ease of use). The authors redefined
the model to account for the indirect effects and
proposed another model that linked complexity
to usefulness, which yielded a significant result.
Also, social influence and compatibility kept their
significant relations with intention and usefulness.
Finally, in Saudi Arabia, Al-Gahtani (2003)
tested a subset of the IDT constructs in a study
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