Information Technology Reference
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Table 1. Overview of IS acceptance models
Authors
Model
Factors influencing adoption
Delone & Mclean (1992)
Information Success Model
System and information quality.
Davis (1993)
Technology Acceptance Model
Individual end-users “perceived usefulness, and per-
ceived ease of use.”
Goodhue & Thompson (1995)
Task - Technology-Fit Model
Fit between Indivdual -, Task- & Technology char-
acteristics.
(Agarwal & Prasad, 1999). Several interconnected
factors seem to influence this.
In literature several models have been pro-
posed that intend to explain the factors that
influence end-users IT adoption and utilization
and therefore explain IT success or failure. The
Information Success Model (ISM) developed by
Delone and Mclean (1992) was a breakthrough
because they proposed a model to asses IS from
the end-users' perspective. Basically, the ISM
suggests that system quality and information
quality determine IT success. However, among
others Davis (1993) criticizes the ISM model by
stating that quality is not the only factor determin-
ing success, and has developed the Technology
Acceptance Model (TAM). The TAM has been
proposed to explain the factors that influence an
end-users decision to utilize a system or not, and
is a widely cited model in IS research. Basically,
the TAM defines the constructs “perceived ease
of use” and “perceived usefulness” to predict an
end-user's attitude towards using and actual sys-
tem use (Davis, 1993). Both factors themselves
are influenced by so-called “external factors” like
for example individual characteristics of end-users
or IT-system characteristics. Although the TAM
is a widely cited model, it is criticized concern-
ing its “lack of task focus”, because it does not
take into account that end-users use IT even if
they do not like it, simply because it improves
their job performance (Goodhue & Thompson,
1995). Furthermore, one of the main properties
of the TAM, is that it is designed for voluntary
use of IS systems (Davis, 1993), which is not
always applicable.
In response to the critique on existing IT ac-
ceptance models, Goodhue & Thompson (1995)
developed the Task-Technology-Fit model (TTF).
The 'fit' is explained as “the extent to which tech-
nology functionality matches task requirements
and individual abilities” (Goodhue & Thompson,
1995, p. 216). In other words, “the TTF posits
that IT systems will be used if, and only if, the
functions available to the user support (fit) the
activities and individual capabilities of the user”
(Dishaw & Strong, 1999, p. 11). Furthermore, the
TTF model has proven that not only the individual
factors (individual characteristics, task character-
istics, technology characteristics) are important,
but also the quality of the “fit” between them. To
conclude, the discussion of IS acceptance models
has learned us that several interrelated factors
influence BI adoption and usage. An overview
is depicted in Table 1.
Based on the TTF model, the BI-FIT model
is proposed, which depicts the main factors that
influence the fit between BI end-user and solu-
tions. The BI-FIT model is included in Figure 1.
Adopted from the TTF model, the BI-FIT model
assumes that a high degree of “BI-FIT” has a posi-
tive effect on adoption, which positively influences
performance and a low degree of “BI-FIT” has the
opposite effect. Since the BI-FIT is considered to
be dynamic, and therefore should be monitored
because of changes over time in individual, task
or technology characteristics. This research does
not employ the TTF model as an instrument to
measure constructs, but rather to contribute to a
better understanding of the interrelationships be-
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