Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 1
Balance (input-total discharge) between the annual load of pharmaceuticals entering the
Netherlands by rivers in 2002(riverine input) and the annual load leaving the Netherlands in 2002
(riverine and direct discharge). The total sales of pharmaceuticals in the Netherlands in 1999
(Derksen et al. 2001) is also indicated
Direct discharge
(t/yr)
Riverine
discharge
(t/yr)
Total
discharge
(t/yr)
Riverine
input
(t/yr)
Input-total
discharge
(t/yr)
Sales
(1999)
(t)
Pharmaceutical
STP
Industrial
Iopromide
22.611
0.000
0.000
22.611
42.726
20.115
Carbamazepine
12.064
0.082
0.001
12.147
7.467
−4.680
10.8
Diatrizoic acid
8.989
0.047
0.067
9.103
15.261
6.158
Iopamidol
8.841
0.000
0.000
8.841
15.608
6.767
Iomeprol
6.418
0.032
0.001
6.451
7.442
0.992
Sulfamethoxazol
5.245
0.016
0.000
5.261
2.745
−2.516
4.1
Iohexol
4.637
0.020
0.001
4.658
6.775
2.117
Sotalol
4.631
0.185
0.003
4.819
9.050
4.231
Diclofenac
3.984
0.087
0.003
4.075
10.545
6.470
Metoprolol
2.808
0.081
0.001
2.890
2.530
−0.360
Anhydro-
erytromycin
2.534
0.052
0.001
2.587
2.205
−0.382
Ibuprofen
2.341
0.049
0.009
2.399
1.344
−1.055
48.0
Azitromycin
2.093
0.034
0.000
2.128
2.200
0.073
Dimetridazol
2.066
0.001
0.000
2.067
0.835
−1.232
Iothalamic acid
1.845
0.030
0.006
1.882
3.312
1.430
Lincomycin
1.322
0.000
0.000
1.322
0.053
−1.269
Bezafibrate
1.262
0.000
0.000
1.263
0.920
−0.343
0.3
Claritromycin
1.212
0.042
0.000
1.254
1.199
−0.055
Roxitromycin
1.102
0.000
0.000
1.102
1.276
0.174
Ioxithalamic acid
0.895
0.032
0.013
0.940
2.785
1.845
STP
sewage treatment plant
3.2
Mass Balance of Pharmaceutical Loads
The difference between the load of pharmaceuticals entering the Netherlands by
rivers and leaving by rivers, together with the amounts directly discharged in the
Netherlands, provides a net balance of pharmaceuticals that are added or removed
from Dutch surface water (Table 1).
It is remarkable that amounts of the top 20 X-ray-contrast-media agents entering
the Netherlands exceed amounts leaving the Netherlands. Amounts of X-ray contrast
media removed from surface water in the Netherlands vary (at least) from 1 t yr
−1
,
for iomeprol, to 20 t yr
−1
, for iopromide. These amounts are probably not removed
from surface water by STPs. Schrap et al. (2003) determined that removal rates for
X-ray contrast media by STPs in the Netherlands are less than 10%. Ternes and
Hirsch (2000) found that no X-ray contrast medium was removed in German STPs.
How X-ray contrast media are removed from surface water is not yet known.
Possibly, they adsorb to suspended matter and are deposited in the river sediment.
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