Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
80
s
1
e
1
E
1
= = V
f
E
f
+ V
m
E
m
70
E1
60
1
E
2
V
f
E
f
V
m
E
m
=
+
50
E2
40
30
20
10
0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Volume fraction, Vf
f
9.1
Rule of mixtures and
micromechanical design capability of
particle and fibre reinforced composites.
Table 9.2
Mechanical anisotropy of human trabecular bone according to the site
and organ
Organ
Site
E
3
/E
2
E
3
/E
1
Reference
Vertebra
Central body L4
3.8
3.2
Nicholson
et al.
, 1998
Central body L1
2.5
2.2
Augat
et al.
, 1998
Vertebral body
1.8
1.8
Hengsberger
et al.
, 2002
Femur
Proximal femur
2.3
2.5
Augat
et al.
, 1998
Proximal femur
2.5
2.2
Majumdar
et al.
, 1998
Femoral head
2.2
4.0
Deligiann
et al.
, 1991
Mandible
Incisal
2.0
18
O'Mahony
et al.
, 2000
Canine
2.0
2.8
First premolar
1.5
5.1
Second premolar
11.0
19.8
Condyle
3.4
Giesen
et al.
, 2001
9.3 Composite biomaterials in bone repair
Bone defect treatments represent a significant medical and socioeconomic
challenge involving about one million cases per year which require bone graft
procedures for the care of skeletal defects. the socioeconomic consequences
of treating bone fracture patients are a major concern for both the uSa and
eu and will increase in the foreseeable future owing to the ageing of their
populations (Petite
et al
., 2000). Traditionally, bone treatments have been based
upon the use of bone grafts, in particular autologous and autogenous grafts,
