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such a unique and tangible interaction with brainwaves, from such limited input.
With this, and the availability of today
s tools, in mind, we hope to see a rise in the
creative applications of brainwaves in music coming from composers as well as
researchers through approaches applying the complexity in compositional and
mapping strategies that have now become a reality.
'
10.11 Questions
1. What were the
first type of brainwaves used for musical control and how were
they controlled by a subject?
2. What is the difference between the soni
cation and the musi
cation of brain-
wave signals?
3. What is the function of the transformation algorithm in a BCMI system?
4. With todays technology in mind, consider an approach to modernising the
mappings in Alvin Lucier
'
s
Music for Solo Performer.
How could the piece be
reworked?
5. What features of ERPs make them useful for mapping to musical functions?
6. Design a concept for a BCMI that uses two techniques of EEG extraction as
input signal. Do the techniques you have chosen
fit the concept well? Could
other techniques be used instead?
7. What are the bene
ts of a user-orientated BCMI over a computer-orientated
BCMI?
8. Compare the mappings of the two pieces
Music for Sleeping and Waking
Minds
and
In Tune.
How would each piece differ if the systems were swapped
for both performances?
9. What are the main differences between the P300 and SSVEP techniques and
how do they affect musical control?
10. Consider a musical extension of a BCMI. How could integrate BCMI into
another type of musical interface of your choice?
References
Arslan B, Brouse A, Castet J, Le
hembre R, Simon C, Filatriau J, Noirhomme QA (2006) Real
time music synthesis environment driven with biological signals. In: IEEE international
conference on acoustics, speech, and signal processing, Toulouse, France
Babadi B, McKinney SM, Tarokh V, Ellenbogen JM (2012) DiBa: a data-driven bayesian
algorithm for sleep spindle detection. Biomed Eng 59(2):483
493
Baier G, Hermann T, Stephani U (2007) Multi-channel soni
cation of human EEG. Paper
presented at the 13th international conference on auditory display, Montr
-
é
al, Canada, 26
29
-
June 2007
Benovoy M, Brouse A, Corcoran TG, Drayson H, Erkhurt C, Filiatriau J, Frisson C, Gundogdu U,
Knapp B, Lehembre R, M
ü
hl C, Ortiz Pe
́
rez MA, Sayin A, Soleymani M, Tahiroglu K (2007)
