Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
3
RAMAN APPLICATIONS IN
POLYMER FILMS FOR
REAL-TIME
CHARACTERIZATION
Giriprasath Gururajan, Ph.D. and Amod A. Ogale, Ph.D.
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Center for Advanced
Engineering Fibers and Films, Clemson University
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Since the discovery of the Raman scattering effect in the late 1920s,
several research articles [1 - 14] , review papers [15 - 17] , topics [18 - 21] ,
and industrial patents [22-24] have been published on the application
of Raman spectroscopy for polymers. Typically, the technique is used
to determine the polymer type and content [1 - 3] , polymerization reac-
tion kinetics [4,5], amount of pigment additives [6,7], amount of degra-
dation [8,9], change in the morphology of the polymer such as
crystallinity, and molecular orientation [10 - 14] . A vast majority of
research on Raman spectroscopy of polymers [1,6,7,10 - 14] has involved
analysis of the polymer product.
The introduction of laser excitation sources in the 1960s and charge-
coupled detection devices in the 1990s enabled development of sophis-
ticated Raman instrumentation. This includes fi ber - optics coupling
that not only increased the signal-to-noise ratio but also reduced
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