Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
CA19-9 is also used as a diagnostic marker for hepatic cyst infection in
the autosomal dominant polycystic kidney, and the serum concentrations
of CA19-9 increase remarkably in patients with severely damaged renal
function
In 2010,
Liu
et al.
[74]
proposed a novel signal amplii cation strategy based
on PB and Pt hollow nanospheres (Pt/HN) for developing a highly sensitive
label-free CA19-9 immunosensor. h e authors combined the excellent elec-
trocatalytic activity of PB and Pt/HN toward H
2
O
2
reduction to amplify the
electrochemical signal. h e resulting immunosensors showed a high sensi-
tivity and broad linear response to CA19-9 in two ranges from 0.5 to 30 and
30 to 240 U mL
-1
with a low detection limit of 0.13 U mL
-1
.
Real samples analyzed with this approach and ELISA methodology
revealed good agreement; the authors suggested that the developed immu-
noassay may be applied for clinical determination of the CA19-9 level in
human serum specimens.
12.5.4 Neuron-specii c Enolase Antigen
Neuron-specii c enolase (NSE) is a glycolytic isoenzyme which is located
in central and peripheral neurons and neuroendocrine cells. It has been
detected in patients with certain tumors, namely: neuroblastoma, small
cell lung cancer, medullary thyroid cancer, carcinoid tumors, pancreatic
endocrine tumors, and melanoma.
In 2010,
Zhong
et al.
[75]
developed a label-free electrochemical immu-
nosensor based on PB doped silicon dioxide (SiO
2
/PB) nanocomposite.
SiO
2
/PB nanocomposite (produced by using a microemulsion method) was
used to obtain a nanostructural monolayer on a GCE surface. Next 3-ami-
nopropyltriethoxy silane (APTES) was self-assembled in order to obtain an
amino-functionalized interface and Chi-stabled gold nanoparticles (Chi/
GNP) were subsequently attached. Finally, anti-NSE was loaded
via
the
adsorption of gold nanoparticles. h e immunosensor exhibited good linear
behavior in the concentration range from 0.25-5.0 and 5.0-75 ng mL
-1
with
a limit of detection of 0.1 ng mL
-1
. h e authors demonstrated the application
of this proposed immunosensor for the determination of NSE in human
serum samples and obtained good results when compared against ELISA
12.5.5
Carcinoma Antigen 125
Cancer antigen 125 or carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) is a member of
the mucin family glycoproteins expressed in coelomic epithelium during
embryonic development. CA-125 has found application as biomarker for
