Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
injections), and inoculated by provoking a secondary response that pro-
duces IgG. h e serum is tested by ELISA test for specii c antibodies. A high
serum of high specii c antibody concentration is achieved at er multiple
boost injections. Polyclonal antibodies are used in purii ed form as serum.
Purii cation has been including Immuneprecipitation and immune-
ai nity purii cation and protein A or protein G ai nity purii cation for
every complex formed. B lymphocytes produce antibodies which is a part
of immune response. Each lymphocyte produces only one type of serum
with exactly same amino acid sequence, but dif erent lymphocyte pro-
duce dif erent antibodies. Some antibodies can be specii c for one analyte,
but it has dif erent ai nities at dif erent regions. h ese dif erent antibod-
ies specii c for one analyte are called generally as polyclonal antibodies at
dif erent region. Phagocytosis is referred to as the i rst antigen process-
ing steps. Antigens are non-specii cally engulfed in the antigen present-
ing cells (APCs), processed (lysed) and presented in fragments for further
other steps. Phagocytosis is not possible for small soluble molecules. h ey
are found as non immunogenic, i.e. they do not trigger immune response.
For immunogenicity for eg degradability, binding to virgin B cells to cell
communication promotion are very important, they are coupled to carrier
proteins, such as bovine serum albumin (BSA) or keyhole limplet haemo-
cyanine (KLH). In order to provoke an immune reaction of the highly reac-
tive low molecular weight analytes. Antibodies are then raised high against
the analyte, the carrier and the analyte carrier complex which include the
spacer bridge. For immunoassay conjugates, special precautions have to be
taken such as dif erent type conjugates for immunisation and immunoas-
say needs to be taken. h e problem of polyclonal antibodies is that dif er-
ent animals, individuals or even exact by same animal at a dif erent time,
will likely produce a polyclonal antibody serum of dif erent composition,
sensitive and specii city. Monoclonal antibody guarantees a limitless sup-
ply of a single antibody of dei ned specii city.
7.8.1.6
Antibody Production- Monoclonal Antibodies
Production of monoclonal antibodies is on the basis of proliferation of a
single antibody by producing cell, giving out a uniform population of anti-
bodies of the same type with identical immune-ai nities and specii cities
[139]. A method namely called as hybridoma technology guarantees an
unlimited production of monoclonal antibodies of the same isotype with
constant properties of sensitivity and specii city. B lymphocytes only grow
and divide for a short period of time [143]. Myeloma cells are immortalised,
to the tumourigenic B lymphocytes, which grow and divide rapidly, but do
