Environmental Engineering Reference
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can be computed in a similar manner as given earlier. The
group delay network can be solved using the same approach as that for
sensitivity networks.
As an example, consider the fifth-order switched capacitor low pass
filter shown in Fig.11.20. The parameters of the circuit are tabulated in
Table 3. The group delay is obtained using the preceding method and
is shown in Fig.11.21. It is seen that the group delay has a peak of 660
ms at 3.55 kHz approximately.
4. Noise Analysis
The most commonly encountered types of noise in silicon integrated
circuits are thermal noise, shot noise, and flicker noise [2]. These noise
sources are inherent to silicon devices. In this section, the power spec-
tral density of the output of linear periodically time-varying systems to
random inputs is derived using the theorems of linear periodically time-
varying systems presented in Chapter 3. Such an analysis provides much
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