Environmental Engineering Reference
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switches. Unclocked quantizers behave as an internally controlled switch
with the switching variable given by
where and are the voltages at the inverting and non-inverting
input terminals of voltage comparators in phase The switching vari-
able of current-mode quantizers can also be defined in a similar manner.
The time instant at which the quantizer changes its output can be
determined as follows : If and have distinct signs, a
change in the polarity of the output of the quantizer occurs in the time
interval The exact time instant at which the output of
the quantizer varies is obtained by solving numerically using
iteration approaches, such as Newton Raphson. Once is allocated,
the step size is determined and is determined.
Note that this process requires the computation of and
using numerical Laplace inversion. Once is available, the two-step
algorithm introduced in Chapter 5 is employed to compute
from
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