Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
Myr
Chimpanzee 5.5 ± 0.2 (5)
Gorilla 6.7 ± 1.3 (6)
Recent
10
Orangutan 8.2 ± 0.8 (6)
Gibbon 14.6 ± 2.8 (4)
20
30
Bovinae/Caprinae 19.6 ± 1.8 (16)
Cervoidea/Bovoidea 22.8 ± 4.7 (3)
Cercopithecidae 23.3 ± 1.2 (56)
CENOZOIC
Tertiary
40
50
Mouse/Rat 40.7 ± 0.9 (343)
Feliformia/Caniformia 46.2 ± 5.7 (10)
60
Platyrrhini 47.6 ± 8.3 (9)
Suidae/Cetacea 58.2 ± 22.3 (3)
70
80
Suidae/Ruminantia 64.7 ± 2.6 (47)
Muridae/Cricetidae 65.8 ± 2.2 (52)
90
Gerbillidae/Muridae 66.2 ± 7.6 (4)
Carnivora/Perissodactyla 74.0 ± 5.7 (11)
100
Cretaceous
110
Cetartiodactyla/Carnivora + Perissodactyla 83.0 ± 4.0 (56)
Scandentia 85.9 ± 11.5 (3)
Lagomorpha 90.8 ± 2.0 (119)
120
MESOZOIC
130
Ferungulata 92.0 ± 1.3 (333)
Paenungulata 105 ± 6.6 (4)
140
150
Hystricognathi 109 ± 3.2 (52)
Sciurognathi 112 ± 3.5 (120)
Jurassic
200
Galliformes/Anseriformes 112 ± 11.7 (5)
Edentata 129 ± 18.5 (3)
Triassic
250
Permian
300
Marsupialia 173 ± 12.3 (10)
Carboniferous
Neobatrachia/Archeobatrachia 197 ± 43.2 (6)
Aves/Crocodylia 222 ± 52.5 (4)
350
Devonian
400
Lepidosauria 276 ± 54.4 (5)
Aves 310 (Calibration)
Lissamphibia 360 ± 14.7 (107)
PALAEOZOIC
Silurian
450
Ordovician
Actinopterygii 450 ± 35.5 (44)
Chondricthyes 528 ± 56.4 (15)
500
Cambrian
550
Agnatha 564 ± 74.6 (13)
PRECAMBRIAN
Proteozoic
Figure 2.1.
A molecular timescale for vertebrate evolution (after Kumar and Hedges
1998). All times indicate Myrs separating humans (or the largest sister group containing
humans) and the group shown, except when the comparative groups are separated by a
slash (/). Time estimates are shown with
s.e.m. and the number of genes used is given in
parentheses. Three groups of mammalian orders are Archonta (Primates, Scandentia,
Dermoptera, Chiroptera and Lagomorpha), Ferungulata (Carnivora, Cetartiodactyla and
Perissodactyla) and Paenungulata (Hyracoidea, Proboscidea, Sirenia).
