Information Technology Reference
In-Depth Information
Fig. 1.3 A diagrammatic
representation of an emerging
and “working” central dogma
for Biomedical Informatics,
in which theories and
methods collectively
contribute to the generation
of information from data
through the addition of
context, and subsequently to
the generation of knowledge
via the delivery of such
information in an actionable
format/mechanism
Data
Information
Knowledge
+ Context
+ Actionability
1.3
Emerging Trends and Their Implications
for Translational Informatics
Building upon the three motivating factors introduced in the preceding sections, we
will now go on to discuss three emergent trends that serve to exemplify and illus-
trate the challenges and opportunities afforded by TI, specifi cally: (1) an increasing
emphasis on the creation and operation of learning healthcare systems; (2) the evo-
lution of precision medicine as a means of improving wellness promotion as well as
clinical care; and (3) the expanding role and impact of “big data” in biomedicine.
1.3.1
Learning Healthcare Systems
Increasingly, at the local, regional, national, and international levels, emphasis is
being place on the creation of what are being referred to as “Learning Healthcare
Systems” (LHCs). Such LHCs are characterize by a number of dimensions [ 13 , 14 ],
including:
￿
The instrumentation of clinical care activities such that data that is useful for
both care delivery and the investigation of phenomena of interest that could yield
new evidence concerning health and wellness, is collected and made accessible
to all members of healthcare delivery and research teams. Of note, a major
aspect of this particular dimension involves the engineering and/or re-
engineering of Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems to support the system-
atic capture, extraction, and reporting of high-value structured, semi-structured,
and un-structured data that can support and enable primary (clinical) and sec-
ondary (research) use cases ;
￿
The execution of pragmatic research programs, in which large numbers of
patients are engaged in the investigation of clinically-relevant hypotheses via
their participation in minimally invasive registry or outcomes research programs
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