Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
By early 2010, policy targets for the introduction of renewable energy at the nation-
al level existed in at least 85 countries worldwide, including all 27 European Union
member states. In addition, many national targets for shares of electricity produc-
tion from renewable energies range from 2 to 30%. Other targets exist for shares
of total primary or final energy supply, specific installed capacities of various tech-
nologies, or total amounts of energy production from renewables, including heat.
Targets also exist for biofuels in many countries.
The European Union aims to have 20% of its gross final consumption of energy
and 10% of each member state's transport energy come from renewable sources by
2020.
By 2010, 31 countries adopted biofuels mandates for ethanol (mixed in gasoline)
and biodiesel (mixed in diesel oil). For ethanol these mandates usually range
between 10 and 25%; for biodiesel they range between 2 and 10%, usually to be
met before 2022 or earlier.
Brazil presently has an E-25 mandate in effect for ethanol, which means that a
blend of 25% of ethanol and 75% regular gasoline is used throughout the country.
In addition to that it has a B5 mandate for biodiesel meaning that a blend of 5% of
biodiesel and 95% of regular diesel oil will be in use in 2013.
By 2010, 30 other countries (Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Canada,
China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Czech Republic, Dominican Republic, Ethiopia,
Finland, Germany, India, Italy, Malaysia, Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Panama,
Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, South Korea, Spain, Thailand, Uruguay, Un-
ited Kingdom, and the United States) adopted mandates for ethanol, biodiesel, or
both.
If one adds the amount of ethanol needed to meet the ethanol mandates up to
2022, one gets approximately 200 billion liters per year. Present production based
