Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
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Structure 5-24
5.6.1.4 Immunosuppression
Generally, antimalarial drugs possess immunosuppressive action and are often used
by physicians for the treatment of dermatoses, such as chloroquine and hydroxy-
chloroquine for lupus erythematosus and multiple solar dermatitis. The immuno-
pharmacological action of qinghaosu and its derivatives has been studied for a
long time in China. The experimental results suggested that qinghaosu, artesunate,
and artemether had both immunosuppressive and immunostimulating activities.
271
Qinghao extraction and qinghaosu were smoothly tried to treat systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE) patients in the 1980s.
272
Because of the high immunosuppres-
sive action of sodium artesunate on the SLE mice model, 56 patients with lupus
erythematosus (DLE 16, SCLE 10, SLE 30) were treated by intravenous sodium
artesunate (60 mg, once a day, 15 days a course, two to four courses), with an effect
rate of 94%, 90%, and 80%, respectively.
273
5.6.2 Early Biologically Morphologic Observation of the
Antimalarial Action of Qinghaosu
The life cycle of the parasite in both mosquitoes and humans is complex. When an
infected mosquito bites, sporozoites are injected into the blood stream of the human
victim and then travel to liver tissue where they invade the parenchymal cell. Dur-
ing development and multiplication in the liver, which is known as the preerythro-
cytic stage, the host is asymptomatic. After 1 or 2 weeks, merozoites are released
from the liver and the parasites take up residence in the red blood cells (erythrocytic
stage). The parasite feeds on the protein portion of hemoglobin, and hemozoin, a
waste product, accumulates in the host cell cytoplasm. After the parasite undergoes
nuclear divisions, the red blood cell bursts and merozoites, parasites waste, and cell
debris are released that cause he body temperature to rise (malarial fever). The
newly released merozoites invade other red blood cells. After the circulate repeats
several times, a few merozoites become differentiated into male and female game-
tocytes. When a mosquito takes the blood, the gametocytes begin sexual reproduc-
tion in its digestive track.
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