Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
stimulant. Other proteins and carriers are based
on synthetic materials. One such study has
examined the combination of a polyethylene
glycol (synthetic) carrier with parathyroid
hormone (PTH). This mixture signifi cantly
stimulated bone formation in standardized
defects around implants in a canine model [
4. Bornstein MM, Lussi A, Schmid B, Belser UC, Buser D
(2003) Early loading of nonsubmerged titanium
implants with a sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA)
surface: 3-year results of a prospective study in par-
tially edentulous patients. Int J Oral Maxillofac
Implants 18:659-666.
5. Boyan BD, Weesner TC, Lohmann CH, Andreacchio
D, Carnes DL, Dean DD, Cochran DL, Schwartz
Z (2000) Porcine fetal enamel matrix derivative
enhances bone formation induced by demineralized
freeze-dried bone allograft in vitro. J Periodontol
71:1278-1286
6. Boyne PJ (1969) Restoration of osseous defects in max-
illofacial casualties. J Am Dent Assoc 78:767-776.
7. Boyne PJ, Marx RE, Nevins M, Triplett G, Lazaro E,
Lilly LC, Alder M, Nummikoski P (1997) A feasibility
study evaluating rhBMP-2/absorbable collagen sponge
for maxillary sinus fl oor augmentation. Int J Peri-
odontics Restorative Dent 17:11-25.
8. Brånemark P-I, Breine U, Adell R, Hansson O,
Lindstrom J, Ohlsson A (1969) Intraosseous anchor-
age of dental prostheses. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg
3:81-100.
9. Brånemark P-I, Hansson B, Adell R, et al. (1977)
Osseointegrated implants in the treatment of the
edentulous jaw: experience from a 10-year period.
Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 11:1-132.
10. Buser D, Broggini N, Wieland M, Schenk RK, Denzer
AJ, Cochran DL, et al. (2004) Enhanced bone apposi-
tion to a chemically modifi ed SLA titanium surface. J
Dent Res 83:529-533.
11. Buser D, Schenk RK, Steinemann S, Fiorellini JP, Fox
CH, Stich H (1991) Infl uence of surface characteristics
on bone integration of titanium implants. A histomet-
ric study in miniature pigs. J Biomed Mater Res
25:889-902.
12. Cardaropoli G, Araujo M, Hayacibara R, Sukekava F,
Lindhe J (2005) Healing of extraction sockets and sur-
gically produced augmented and non-augmented—
defects in the alveolar ridge. An experimental study
in the dog. J Clin Periodontol 32:435-440.
13. Carlsson GE, Bergman B, Hedegard B (1967) Changes
in contour of the maxillary alveolar process under
immediate dentures. A longitudinal clinical and x-ray
cephalometric study covering 5 years. Acta Odontol
Scand 251:45-75.
14. Chin M, Toth BA (1996) Distraction osteogenesis in
maxillofacial surgery using internal devices: review of
fi ve cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 54:45-53.
15. Cochran DL (1996) Implant therapy I. Ann Periodon-
tol 1:707-790.
16. Cochran DL (1999) A comparison of endosseous dental
implant surfaces. J Periodontol 70:1523-1539.
17. Cochran DL, Buser D, ten Bruggenkate CM, Weingart
D, Taylor TM, Bernard J-P, Peters F, Simpson JP (2002)
The use of reduced healing times on ITI implants with
a sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA) surface: early
results from clinical trials on ITI SLA implants. Clin
Oral Implants Res 13:14 4 -153.
18. Cochran DL, Jones A, Heijl L, Mellonig JT, Schoolfi eld
J, King GN (2003) Periodontal regeneration with a
combination of enamel matrix proteins and autoge-
nous bone grafting. J Periodontol 74:1269-1281.
19. Cochran DL, Nummikoski PV, Jones AA, Makins SR,
Turek TS, Buser D (1997) Radiographic analysis of
regenerated bone around endosseous implants in the
36
].
9.6 Summary and Outlook
Advances in our understanding of bone biology
and applications of that understanding to
dental therapies have led to dramatic changes
in our paradigms for patient care. The applica-
tion of growth factors has thus far been directed
at identifying the most appropriate signaling
molecules to stimulate the desired biologic
response. With progress there will be a need
better to understand the dose response, envi-
ronmental interactions, and time-dependent
nature of these biologic mediators. Specifi cally,
intracellular regulation of growth-factor signal
transduction on a cell-specifi c basis presents
an intriguing possibility in the future [
].
The extension of tissue-engineered regenera-
tion into the oral environment will allow for
improvements in both tooth retention and
tooth replacement with the aid of implant
therapy. Studies are needed to defi ne combina-
tions of proteins, intracellular and extracellu-
lar signal regulators, and carriers that can be
used to enhance bone and tissue formation
around implants, periodontally compromised
teeth, or extraction sites. The oral environ-
ment, together with the demands and needs of
patients, continues to constitute a unique and
complex challenge that necessitates extending
the knowledge and applications of bone biology,
remodeling, and regeneration.
43
,
53
References
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2. Araujo MG, Sukekava F, Wennstrom JL, Lindhe J
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3. Atwood DA, Coy WA (1971) Clinical, cephalometric,
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