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We can explore new potentials and emerging functionalities of plasmonic
effects in OSCs. On the one hand, the bad spectral overlap of plasmonic reso-
nances with the absorption of active polymer materials could be improved by
plasmonic hybridization or by combination with high-refractive-index materials.
On the other hand, the electrical properties of plasmonic nanostructures and
resulting effects can be investigated with multiphysics study.
Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge the support of the grants (Nos. 712010, 711609,
and 711511) from the Research Grant Council (RGC) of Hong Kong, the grant (No. 10401466)
from the University Grant Council (UGC) of the University of Hong Kong, and the Small Project
Funding of the University of Hong Kong (No. 201109176133). This project is also supported by
the UGC of Hong Kong (No. AoE/P-04/08), by The National Natural Science Foundation of
China (No. 61201122), and in part by a Hong Kong UGC Special Equipment Grant (SEG
HKU09).
Appendix—Biconjugate Gradient Stabilized Algorithm
The resulting VIE matrix equation can be expressed as
Ax ¼ b
The procedure of the biconjugate gradient stabilized (BI-CGSTAB) algorithm is
given as follows:
Give an initial guess x 0 , we have
r 0 ¼ b Ax 0 ; r 0 ¼ r 0
q 0 ¼ a ¼ x 0 ¼ 1
v 0 ¼ p 0 ¼ 0
Iterate for i ¼ 1 ; 2 ; ... ; n
q i ¼h r 0 ; r i 1 i
b ¼ q i = q i 1
ð Þ a = x i ð Þ
p i ¼ r i 1 þ b ð p i 1 x i 1 v i 1 Þ
v i ¼ Ap i
a ¼ q i =h r 0 ; v i i
s ¼ r i 1 av i
t ¼ As
x i ¼h t ; s i=h t ; t i
x i ¼ x i 1 þ ap i þ x i s
r i ¼ s x i t
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