Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Fig. 6.1 The effect of three
main factors that influence
the device stability. The
properties have been
demonstrated separately, but
usually they have a combined
effect on the total device
lifetime [
9
]
Fig. 6.2 A schematic
illustration (cross-section
view) of some degradation
processes that take place in a
typical bulk heterojunction
(BHJ) OPV [
8
]. (Reprinted
from [
8
], with permission
from Elsevier) (
http://
Figure
6.2
shows a cross-section view of the main processes that are considered
to degrade OPVs. These processes represent extrinsic (diffusion of water and
oxygen, mechanical stress, operation temperature under light illumination) and
intrinsic mechanisms (photochemical degradation caused by singlet oxygen due to
energy transfer from photoexcited polymer to adsorbed ground state oxygen
molecules, movement of mobile species, such as indium and electrode materials
like Al, interface degradation due to high energy excited stated chemistry at the
interfaces
and
easy
oxidization
of
metals,
charge
carrier
density,
and
the
morphology change of blend active layer) [
8
].
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