Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
taBle 33.1 (continued)
noncommodity or minor vegetable oils of Which mono-alkyl ester (Biodiesel)
derivatives or other energy uses have Been reported
oil
references
Sclerocarya birrea
Mariod et al. 2006
Sesame
Chandarju and Prathima 2004b; Banamurpath et al. 2008
Saydut et al. 2008
Sea mango (
Cerbera odollam
)
Kansedo et al. 2009
Sorghum bug (
Agonoscelis pubescens
)
Mariod et al. 2006
Tall
Liu et al. 1998; Coll et al. 2001; Altparmak et al. 2007
Terminalia catappa
(Castanhola)
dos Santos et al. 2008
Tomato seed
Giannelos et al. 2005
Tobacco seed
Giannelos et al. 2002; Usta 2005a, 2005b; Veljkovi et al. 2006
Tucum
Lima et al. 2008
Tung
Shang et al. 2010
Yellow horn
Zhang et al. 2010
Zanthoxylum bungeanum
Yang et al. 2008
Some of the more common vegetable oils of the emerging oils are discussed here in separate
brief sections. For example, pongamia oil has probably received the most attention in the literature
of the oils discussed here. Others that are briefly mentioned here include moringa, rice bran, olive
oil, and a few others. Although olive oil is a classical commodity oil, it is usually not considered a
typical biodiesel feedstock. It may be noted that
Jatropha curcas
is probably the most prominent
of the emerging energy crop plants. However, it is dealt with in Chapter 14 and therefore will not
be discussed here. Numerous other noncommodity vegetable oils have been investigated as fuel
sources, and those not discussed in other chapters (e.g., Brassicas are discussed in Chapter 2.8) are
briefly discussed here. The fatty acid profiles of 75 plant oils and the cetane numbers of their methyl
esters have been compiled (Azam et al. 2005), a few of which are listed here.
33.2 examPles oF emerGInG veGetaBle oIl Feedstocks
Many of the emerging feedstocks that are potential energy sources and that have been recently
studied occur commonly in tropical or subtropical regions of the world. Often they are obtained
from trees and or bushes in arid or semiarid regions. Although some oils have nutritional or other
physiological applications, many are not considered edible. Details on some individual oils follow.
33.2.1 p
ongamia
Of the emerging vegetable oil feedstocks discussed in this chapter, pongamia oil has probably
received the most attention in the technical literature. Different names have been used for this oil in
the literature. In addition to pongamia (
Pongamia pinnata
,
Pongamia glabra
), the terms “karanja”
and “honge” also refer to pongamia in biodiesel-related literature. A review on this subject was
published recently (Scott et al. 2008), and the brief discussion of this oil presented here draws
heavily on it. Another recent article (Kesari et al. 2008) deals with the selection of candidate plus
trees for breeding and also with oil extraction.
P. pinnata
is a fast-growing leguminous tree (Leguminosae family, subfamily Papilionodeae,
tribe Millettieae) native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia (Malaysia, Indonesia, and
Myanmar), but it is now also grown in other tropical areas as well as parts of Australia, China, New,
Zealand, and the United States (Scott et al. 2008). The seeds contain 30-40% oil, and it and can
