Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Jennifer N. Bragg
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Ludmila Tyler
University of California, Berkeley, and U.S. Department of Agriculture
John P. Vogel
U.S. Department of Agriculture
contents
23.1 The Need for a Model Grass ............................................................................................... 594
23.2 Introduction to
B.
distachyon
.............................................................................................. 594
23.2.1 Phylogenetic and Syntenic Relationships of Brachypodium to Other Grasses .... 597
23.2.2 Related
Brachypodium
Species ............................................................................ 597
23.3 Brachypodium as an Experimental System ........................................................................ 598
23.3.1 Germplasm and Natural Diversity ........................................................................ 598
23.3.2 Growth Requirements .......................................................................................... 601
23.3.3 Transformation ....................................................................................................602
23.3.3.1 Biolistic Transformation ....................................................................... 602
23.3.3.2 Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation ............................................ 603
23.3.4 Generation of Brachypodium Mutant Populations ...............................................604
23.3.4.1 Ethyl Methanesulfonate Mutagenesis ...................................................604
23.3.4.2 Fast Neutron Radiation ........................................................................604
23.3.4.3 Insertional Mutagenesis ........................................................................604
23.3.5 Crossing Brachypodium ....................................................................................... 605
23.4 Genomic Resources ............................................................................................................606
23.4.1 Bioinformatic Resources ...................................................................................... 607
23.4.2 ESTs and Microarrays .......................................................................................... 607
23.4.3 BAC Libraries ......................................................................................................607
23.4.4 Maps and Markers ................................................................................................608
23.4.5 Whole-Genome Sequencing ................................................................................. 608
23.5 Brachypodium as a Model for Bioenergy Grasses .............................................................609
23.5.1 Factors Influencing Biomass Quantity: Plant Architecture ..................................609
23.5.2 Factors Influencing Biomass Quantity: Interactions with the Environment ........ 610
23.5.3 Factors Influencing Biomass Quality: Cell Wall Structure and Composition ...... 611
23.6 Future Perspectives ............................................................................................................. 613
Acknow ledgments .......................................................................................................................... 613
References ...................................................................................................................................... 613
593
