Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
15
Forest Trees
Donald L. Rockwood and Matias Kirst
University of Florida
Judson G. Isebrands
Environmental Forestry Consultants
J.Y. Zhu
U.S. Department of Agriculture
contents
15.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 352
15.2 Eucalyptus .......................................................................................................................... 353
15.2.1 Eucalyptus Bioenergy Use and Potential Worldwide .......................................... 354
15.2.1.1 Brazil .................................................................................................... 354
15.2.1.2 China ..................................................................................................... 356
15.2.1.3 India ...................................................................................................... 357
15.2.1.4 Australia ................................................................................................ 358
15.2.1.5 New Zealand ........................................................................................ 361
15.2.1.6 United States ......................................................................................... 361
15.2.1.7 Summary .............................................................................................. 363
15.2.2 Eucalyptus Bioenergy Enhancement through Biotechnology and Genomics ..... 364
15.2.2.1 Genetic Mapping and Quantitative Traits Loci Analysis ..................... 364
15.2.2.2 Genomics and the Identification of Genes Regulating
Bioenergy Traits ................................................................................... 365
15.2.2.3 Future Developments ............................................................................ 366
15.3 Pine ..................................................................................................................................... 366
15.4
Poplar Bioenergy Use and Potential Worldwide ................................................................ 370
15.4.1
Introduction and Background ............................................................................... 370
15.4.2
Poplar Biomass Production .................................................................................. 370
15.4.2.1 North America ...................................................................................... 370
15.4.2.2 Europe .................................................................................................. 375
15.4.2.3
Other Countries ................................................................................... 377
15.4.3
Bioenergy from Poplars ........................................................................................ 377
15.4.4
Limitations and Challenges .................................................................................. 378
15.4.5
Future Considerations and Conclusions ............................................................... 379
15.5
Other Forest Species Bioenergy Use and Potential Worldwide .......................................... 381
15.6
Pretreatment of Forest Biomass .......................................................................................... 381
15.6.1
Physical Pretreatment of Forest Biomass—Physical Size Reduction ................. 382
15.6.1.1
Degree of Size Reduction and Substrate-Specific Surface .................. 382
15.6.1.2
Fiberization Mechanism ...................................................................... 383
15.6.1.3
Effect of Chemical Pretreatment .......................................................... 384
351
 
 
 
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