Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
taBle 14.12
emission characteristics of diesel engine Fueled with Jo, JB, and their Blends
Findings
smoke level
(Bsu or
hsu)/
smoke
opacity (%)
engine
specifications
co
(%)
co
2
(%)
no
x
(ppm)
hc
(ppm)
Investigators
Fuel
Kumar et al.
2003a
3.7-kW, four-stroke,
water-cooled,
single-cylinder
Diesel
0.20
-
780
100
3.8 BSU
JO
0.26
-
740
130
4.4 BSU
JB
0.22
-
760
110
4 BSU
Kumar et al.
2003b
3.7-kW, four-stroke
kirloskar AVI
Diesel
0.2
-
785
100
3.9 BSU
JO
0.26
-
735
130
4.4 BSU
JO with 7%
hydrogen
mass
0.17
-
875
100
3.7 BSU
Reddy et al.
2006
4.48 kW (6 hp),
single-cylinder,
air-cooled,
open-chamber CI
Diesel
-
-
1760
798
2.7 BSU
JO
-
-
1162
532
2 BSU
Pradeep and
Sharma 2007
3.7-kW, single-
cylinder, DI,
water-cooled CI
Diesel
0.03
-
1255
20
58.8
JB
0.01
-
1350
10
36.8%
JB with
15% EGR
0.03
-
780
20
58%
Sivprakasam
and
Saravanam
2007
7.46-kW (10 hp),
two-cylinder,
water-cooled,
vertical CI
JB
-
-
525
-
14.75 HSU
B20
-
-
475
-
12.5 HSU
Tiwari 2007
10.3-kW, single-
cylinder, four-stroke
Diesel
0.74
7.80
714
-
-
B20
0.55
7.79
724
-
-
Banapurmath
et al. 2008
5.2-kW, single-
cylinder, four-stroke
Diesel
0.1125
1080
40.5
53 HSU
JB
0.115
-
970
67
70 HSU
whereas for JB (B100) it is 7% lower than diesel in a 7.46-kW diesel engine (Sivprakasam and
Saravanan 2007). However, 23.66% higher NO
x
emissions have been reported for a 10.3-kW, single-
cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine when operated with B20 as compared with diesel at no load
(Tiwari 2007). The minimal and maximal NO
x
produced for B20 were 115 ppm (at no load) and
724 ppm (at 100% load), respectively, as compared with 93 and 714 ppm for diesel, respectively.
Pradeep and Sharma (2007) reported that the use of 15% EGR in a 3.7-kW diesel engine fueled
with JB was effective in reducing nitric oxide (NO) emissions as compared with diesel at all loads
without many adverse effects on the performance, smoke, and other emissions.
The NO level was lower with JO as compared with diesel for a 3.7-kW, single-cylinder, four-
stroke engine (Kumar et al. 2003a). It was further reduced when the engine was operated with a JO
and methanol blend. Similar reduced NO emissions were reported by Reddy and Ramesh (2006) for
a 4.5-kW, single-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine when operated with JO under optimal operating
conditions.
14.5.3.3 smoke and hydrocarbon
The smoke density for JB and JBB is lower than that of diesel, it increases with an increase in engine
load, and it is nearly same at the maximal load (Sivprakasam and Saravanan 2007). However,
