Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
taBle 14.7
different technologies for Producing Biodiesel from Jatropha oil
alcohol-to-oil ratio
catalyst-to-oil ratio
reaction
time, min
reaction
temperature,
°
c
yield,
%
Investigator(s)
Process
type
ratio
type
concentration
Foidl et al. 1996
Base catalyzed
Methanol
4.45:1 molar
KOH
0.23 molar
60
30
92
Ethanol
5.79:1 molar
KOH
0.44 molar
90
75
88.4
Kumar et al. 2003a
Base catalyzed
Methanol
0.45 v/v
KOH
0.01 v/v
60
70
NA
Chitra et al. 2005
Base catalyzed
Methanol
20%
NaOH
1%
90
60
98
Sivaprakasam and
Saravanan 2007
Base catalyzed
Methanol
0.18 v/v
NaOH
8 g/500 mL
60
70
91
Kalbande et al.
2008
Base catalyzed
Methanol
20% v/w
KOH
1% w/w
60
90
91.5
Tiwari et al. 2007
Two-step acid/
base process
Methanol
0.28 v/v
H
2
SO
4
1.43% v/v
88
60
Methanol
0.16 v/v
KOH
5 g/1000 mL
24
60
99
Berchmans and
Hirata 2008
Two-step
pretreatment
process
Methanol
0.60 w/w
H
2
SO
4
1% w/w
60
50
90
Methanol
0.24 w/w
NaOH
1.4% w/w
120
65
Sahoo and Das
2009a
Two-stage
transesterification
Methanol, toluene,
ortho
-phosphoric
acid
350 ml/L,
4 ml/L,
4 ml/L
No catalyst
-
120
66
93
Methanol
110 ml/L
KOH
8 g/L
180
66
Shah et al. 2004
Lipase catalyzed
Ethanol
4:1 molar
Free tuned Chromobacterium
with addition of 1% w/v water
73
Immobilized Chromobacterium
with addition of 0.5% w/v water
40 mg/0.5 g
480
40
92
Modi et al. 2007a
Lipase catalyzed
Ethyl acetate
11:1 molar
720
50
91.3
Modi et al. 2007b
Propan-2-ol
4:1 molar
Novozym-435
10% w/w
480
50
92.8
