Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
taBle 14.3
Fatty acid composition of Jatropha oil from different regions
caboverde
variety
nicaragua
variety
Indian
variety
Fatty acid type
Capric acid (C10:0)
0.1
0.1
-
Myristic acid (C14:0)
0.1
0.1
0.1
Palmitic acid (C16:0)
15.1
13.6
14.1-15.3
Palmitoleic acid (C16:1)
0.9
0.8
1.3
Stearic acid (C18:0)
7.1
7.4
3.7-9.8
Oleic acid (C18:1)
44.7
38.3
34.3-45.8
Linoleic acid (C18:2)
31.4
43.2
29-44.2
Linolenic acid (C18:3)
0.2
0.2
0.3
Arachidic acid (C20:0)
0.2
0.3
-
Behenic acid (C22:0)
0.2
-
-
Investigator
Foidl et al. 1996
Kumar et al. 2003a
taBle 14.4
characterization of Jatropha oil
Properties
range
mean
sd
Density (g/cm
3
)
0.860-0.933
0.914
00.018
Kinematic viscosity at 30-40°C (cSt)
37.00-54.80
46.82
7.24
Calorific value (MJ/kg)
37.83-42.05
38.63
1.52
Cetane number
38-51
49.63
6.2
Flash point (°C)
210-240
235
11
Acid value (mg KOH/g)
0.92-6.16
3.71
2.17
Pour point (°C)
-3, 15
a
-
-
Water content (%)
1.4
b
0.07-0.64
0.38
0.29
Carbon residue % (kg/kg × 100)
Saponification number (mg/g)
102.9-209.0
182.8
34.3
0.79-3.80
2.03
1.57
Unsaponifiable % (kg/kg × 100)
Iodine number (mg iodine/g)
0.92-112
101
7
Monoglycerides % (kg/kg × 100)
1.7
-
-
Diglycerides % (kg/kg × 100)
2.50-2.70
-
-
Triglycerides % (kg/kg × 100)
88.20-97.30
-
-
Sulfur content % (kg/kg × 100)
0-0.13
Source:
Modified from Achten, W.M.J., et al.,
Biomass Bioenergy,
32, 1063-1084,
2008.
a
Vyas, A.P., Subrahmanyam, N., and Patel, P.A.,
Fuel
, 88, 625-628, 2009.
b
Tiwari, A.K., Kumar, A., and Raheman H.,
Biomass Bioenergy
, 31, 569-575, 2007.
However, the raw kernel or seed cake can be valuable as a organic nutrient source because it
contains more nutrients than chicken and cattle manure (Francis et al. 2005). An overview of the
experiments shows that jatropha
seed cake is useful as fertilizer and it is summarized in Table 14.5.
When the seed cake is applied as fertilizer, the presence of biodegradable toxins (mainly phorbol
esters) in it makes the seed cake simultaneously serve as a biopesticide/insecticide and molluscicide
(Rug et al. 1997; Francis et al. 2005). Although the phorbol esters decompose completely within
six days, it is advisable to check that no phorbol esters are present in the crops grown for human
consumption using jatropha seed cake as fertilizer (Rug et al. 1997). Heller (1996) warned about
