Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
contents
14.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 316
14.2
Botanical Description of the Plant ...................................................................................... 316
14.3
Cultural Practices .............................................................................................................. 317
14.3.1 Ecological Requirements ...................................................................................... 317
14.3.2 Propagation Methods ............................................................................................ 318
14.3.3 Plantation .............................................................................................................. 319
14.3.4
Care and Maintenance .......................................................................................... 319
14.3.4.1 Trimming and Pruning ........................................................................ 319
14.3.4.2 Fertilizer Application ........................................................................... 319
14.3.4.3 Intercultivation ...................................................................................... 320
14.3.4.4 Irrigation .............................................................................................. 320
14.3.4.5
Pests and Diseases ................................................................................ 320
14.3.5
Seed Yield ............................................................................................................. 320
14.3.4
Oil Extraction Methods ........................................................................................ 321
14.3.4.1
Mechanical Extraction Using a Screw Press ........................................ 322
14.3.4.2
Chemical Extraction ............................................................................. 322
14.3.4.3
Jatropha Oil .......................................................................................... 323
14.3.4.4
Jatropha Seed Cake ............................................................................... 323
14.4
Production of Biodiesel from Jatropha Oil ......................................................................... 326
14.4.1
Preparation of Oil for Biodiesel Production ......................................................... 326
14.4.2
Biodiesel Production Technology ......................................................................... 326
14.4.2.1
Reaction Chemistry for Transesterification .......................................... 327
14.4.3
Biodiesel Characterization ................................................................................... 330
14.4.3.1 Density .................................................................................................. 331
14.4.3.2 Kinematic Viscosity ............................................................................. 332
14.4.3.3 Calorific Value ...................................................................................... 332
14.4.3.4 Cetane Number ..................................................................................... 332
14.4.3.5 Flash Point ............................................................................................ 332
14.4.3.6 Acid Value ............................................................................................ 332
14.4.3.7 Pour Point ............................................................................................. 332
14.4.3.8 Water Content ....................................................................................... 333
14.4.3.9 Ash Content .......................................................................................... 333
14.4.3.10 Carbon Residue ..................................................................................... 333
14.5
Engine Performance Using Jatropha Biodiesel and Oil ..................................................... 333
14.5.1
Combustion of Biodiesel ..................................................................................... 333
14.5.1.1
Cylinder Pressure .................................................................................. 333
14.5.1.2
Heat Release Rate ................................................................................. 335
14.5.1.3
Ignition Delay ....................................................................................... 336
315
