Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
its production without affecting other products) and linear substitution (i.e., functionally equivalent
products are completely interchangeable) (Kloverpris et al. 2008a). Both of these mechanisms can
affect land-use change results. Kloverpris et al. (2008a) propose that calculations of global agricul-
tural land utilization, driven by biofuel consumption, should carefully consider marginal land data
on a local level, policy constraints on fertilizer use, and natural resource constraints. Categorizing
regions according to type of vegetation could also increase the accuracy of land-use change modeling
(Kloverpris 2009). Modeling of indirect land-use change, soil carbon content, and soil nitrogen flux
are active areas of research. As life-cycle models continue to improve in accuracy and comprehen-
siveness, additional impacts, such as the risk of biofuel feedstocks spreading and becoming invasive
(Raghu et al. 2006), will likely be included to enable better decision-making. The inclusion of life-
cycle GHG reduction requirements in the Energy Policy Act of 2007 was a significant step forward in
policy-making. LCA offers a framework for the holistic evaluation of products and systems and can
help guide society toward more sustainable biomass energy systems.
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