Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
taBle 10.2 (continued)
transportation Fuel Properties Including specific energies and co
2
Production
E
Energy content on a volume basis. The product of the energy per unit mass times the density normalized to the value for gasoline.
F
CO
2
production in terms of grams of CO
2
produced from each gram of fuel.
G
CO
2
production in terms of grams of CO
2
produced per unit energy of the fuel.
a
Petroleum-based gasoline has typically only trace amounts of oxygen; however, current regulations allow for blending with 10% ethanol. The table lists properties typical of petroleum-
derived gasoline.
b
Butanol properties are those of
n
-butanol (or 1-butanol). Various forms of butanol exist that have the same chemical formula (C
4
H
10
O) but different chemical structure and hence thermody-
namic properties and combustion characteristics. These include
sec
-butanol,
tert
-butanol, and
iso
-butanol (Szwaja and Naber 2009).
c
Soy-based methyl-ester biodiesel.
d
DME is a gas at ambient temperature (20°C) and pressure (1 bar), but it is a liquid at relatively low pressures (5 bar) (Arcoumanis et al. 2008).; Specific energies in the table are for liquid
DME. DME can be mixed with diesel fuel, but it requires a specialized fuel system and vapor handling not needed for diesel or biodiesel (Chapman et al. 2003; Arcoumanis et al. 2008).
e
Pressurized to 25.0 MPa.
f
Pressurized to 25.0 MPa.
g
Pressurized to 34.5 MPa.
h
(R + M)/2