Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
However, the regulatory measures, the contracting, and the monitoring economic activities
related to energy industries, including biofuels, are controlled by a third organization, the Agency
of Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Biofuels (ANP*) (http://www.anp.gov.br/index.asp).
The Brazilian specification on the biodiesel quality required is defined by the ANP n° 07/2008
regulation (Aranjo 2009). This specification is addressed to the B100 that is blended with diesel.
Since July 2008, diesel sold must be a blend of at least 3% v/v of biodiesel, and currently Brazil is
the third largest biodiesel producer and consumer in the world (http://www.anp.gov.br/biocombus-
tiveis/biodiesel.asp) (Table 9.A2).
Regarding bioethanol, Brazil is one of the first (since 1974) and most successful examples of
the implementation of a national bioethanol program. Currently, 20-25% v/v of anhydrous ethanol
blended with gasoline is obligatory, but the use of hydrous ethanol in E100 cars and FFVs is still vol-
untary. Brazil regulations have two different specifications that account for the difference between
the hydrous and anhydrous ethanol. These specifications are described by the ANP Act 36/2005
regulation (Table 9.A3).
9.4.2.2.2 Canada
In Canada, the Canadian General Standards Board (CGSB) is the standardization organization
charged with setting national biofuels standards. CGSB was founded in 1934 and aims to offer
“client-centred, comprehensive standards development and conformity assessment services in sup-
port of the economic, regulatory, procurement, health, safety and environmental interests of our
stakeholders—government, industry and consumers” (http://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/ongc/home/
index-e.html).
Because of the cold climate of Canada, special care is given to the adaptability of the biodiesel
from different feedstocks to low temperature. On February 2009, the Alberta Renewable Diesel
Demonstration (ARDD) released a report concerning this (ARDD 2009) as a follow-up of the
research of Climate Change Central (August 2008) (Rilett and Gagnon 2008). For this reason, the
automotive low-sulfur diesel fuel can currently contain no more than 5% v/v of biodiesel and should
meet the CAN/CGSB 3.520-2005 specification. At the same time, the automotive low-sulfur diesel
fuel used for the blend should meet the CAN/CGSB 3.517-2007 specification.
Respectively, the oxygenated unleaded automotive gasoline that contains ethanol should meet the
CAN/CGSB 3.511-2005 specifications†
†
at the time when the unleaded automotive gasoline should
meet the CAN/CGSB 3.5-2004 specification‡
‡
(Table 9.A3).
9.4.2.2.3 India
In India, the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is the body that sets the quality standards of biofuels
traded in the country. BIS was founded in 1987, but it is considered as the successor of the Indian
Standards Institution (ISI), set up in 1947. The aims of the BIS are the “harmonious development
of standardization, marking and quality certification, to provide new thrust to standardization and
quality control, as well as, to evolve a national strategy for according recognition to standards and
integrating them with growth and development of production and exports” (http://www.bis.org.in/
org/obj.htm).
The biodiesel specification of India, namely IS 15607:2005, is addressed to the neat biodiesel
blended with diesel to result in an up to B20 final fuel. Although a specified blend may contain a
higher percentage of biodiesel than is allowed in other countries, according to the current Indian
fuel legislation the fuel blends cannot contain more than 5% v/v biodiesel. However, this 5% v/v bio-
diesel is also allowed by the specification standards of diesel, namely IS 1460:2005
§
(Table 9.A 2).
*
Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis.
†
CAN/CGSB 3.511-2005 AMEND. 2 Oxygenated Unleaded Automotive Gasoline Containing Ethanol (Incorporates
Amendment 1).
‡
CAN/CGSB 3.5-2004 AMEND. 2: Unleaded Automotive Gasoline (Incorporates Amendment 1).
§
IS 1460:2005—Automotive Diesel Fuels—Specification (Fifth Revision).
