Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
taBle 9.6
Biodiesel Properties by Feedstock
Feedstock
Properties
Rapeseed oil
Relatively high oxidation stability, IV < 120, acceptable cold weather operability
Sunflower oil
For countries with warm and dry climatic conditions, IV > 120
a
(should be blended
with low IV-oils to be used in Europe)
Soy oil
Relatively low oxidation stability, relatively low cetane number, IV > 120 (should be
blended with low IV-oils to be used in Europe), acceptable cold-weather operability
Palm oil
High cetane number, unfavorable cold-weather operability (CFPP at + 11°C) (not
suitable for colder climatic conditions unless it is blended with low CFPP oils)
Tallow
High cetane number, unfavorable cold-weather operability (CP > 10°C), carbon
residues and ether content risk, high viscosity
Grease
High cetane number, unfavorable cold-weather operability, high viscosity
Used (recycling) oil
Some may have high polymer content (careful and clean recycling practices are
needed), high viscosity
Source:
Adapted from Körbitza, W., et al., Worldwide review on biodiesel production. Prepared by Austrian
Biofuels Institute for IEA Bioenergy Task 39, Subtask Biodiesel, 2003; Rilet, J. and Gagnon, A.,
Renewable
Diesel Characterization Study
. Climate Change Central. Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 2008; Kinast, J.A.,
Production of Biodiesels from Multiple Feedstocks and Properties of Biodiesels and Biodiesel/Diesel
Blends—Final Report (Report 1 of 6)
. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 2003.
IV, Iodine value. Table contains only the biodiesel properties that vary according to the feedstock and not the com-
mon parameters of biodiesel (e.g., lubricity, high flash point, and low vapor pressure) that have already been
mentioned.
a
European Standard EN 14214, American standard ASTM D-6751-02 does not contain any IV limit.
9.4.2.1 International
9.4.2.1.1 International Organization for Standardization
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is the world's largest standard-developing
and publishing organization. ISO is a nongovernmental organization that is based in Geneva,
Switzerland, and consists of 161 members, all national standards institutes of different countries
(http://www.iso.org/iso/home.htm).
The aim of ISO is to support the “facilitation of global trade, (the) improvement of quality, safety,
security, environmental and consumer protection, as well at the rational use of natural resources,
and (the) global dissemination of technologies and good practices all of which contribute to eco-
nomic and social progress” (ISO 2004).
ISO was established in 1947 and has developed more than 17,500 international standards deal-
ing with various subjects. Every year approximately 1100 new ISO standards are published (http://
www.iso.org/iso/home.htm).
ISO has covered many fuels and energy-related activities, such as coal, gas, petrol, nuclear,
hydrogen, and solar energy on one side and fuel-consuming products such as road vehicles and gas
turbines on the other. However, concerning biofuels, ISO is mainly participating as a technical col-
laborator of the CEN standardization organization (see Section 9.4.2.1.3) by providing standards for
methods applied to the estimation of some of the characteristics of biofuel quality.
9.4.2.1.2 ASTM International
ASTM International was founded as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) in
1898 in Philadelphia, PA. ASTM started as a voluntary standards development organization address-
ing the U.S. need for technical standards for materials, products, systems, and services. However,
