Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
9
International Fuel Quality
Georgios Sarantakos
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
contents
9.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 166
9.2 Biodiesel ............................................................................................................................... 167
9.2.1 Flash Point ................................................................................................................ 167
9.2.2 Viscosity ................................................................................................................... 168
9.2.3 Sulfated Ash ............................................................................................................. 169
9.2.4 Sulfur ........................................................................................................................ 170
9.2.5 Copper Strip Corrosion ............................................................................................. 171
9.2.6 Cetane Number ......................................................................................................... 171
9.2.7 Cloud Point and Cold Filter Plugging Point ............................................................. 172
9.2.8 Carbon Residue ......................................................................................................... 173
9.2.9 Acid Number ............................................................................................................. 173
9.2.10 Total and Free Glycerin and Mono-, Di-, and Triglycerides .................................... 174
9.2.11 Phosphorus Content .................................................................................................. 175
9.2.12 Distillation Temperature, T90 .................................................................................. 175
9.2.13 Oxidation Stability .................................................................................................... 176
9.2.14 Alkali and Alkaline-Earth Metals ............................................................................ 176
9.2.15 Water and Sediment (Water Content and Total Contamination) .............................. 177
9.2.16 Ester Content ............................................................................................................ 177
9.2.17 Iodine Number, Linolenic Acid Methyl Ester, and Polyunsaturated Biodiesel ........ 178
9.2.18 Density ...................................................................................................................... 178
9.2.19 Ethanol and Methanol Content ................................................................................. 179
9.3 Bioethanol ............................................................................................................................. 180
9.3.1 Color and Appearance .............................................................................................. 180
9.3.2 Density ...................................................................................................................... 180
9.3.3 Sulfate Content ......................................................................................................... 180
9.3.4 Sulfur Content........................................................................................................... 181
9.3.5 Copper Content ......................................................................................................... 181
9.3.6 Electrical (Electrolytic) Conductivity ....................................................................... 181
9.3.7 Ethanol Content ........................................................................................................ 182
9.3.8 pHe ............................................................................................................................ 183
9.3.9 Acidity ...................................................................................................................... 183
9.3.10 Phosphorus Content .................................................................................................. 183
9.3.11 (Unwashed) Gum/Evaporation Residue/Nonvolatile Material ................................. 184
9.3.12 Chloride Content ....................................................................................................... 184
9.3.13 Water Content ........................................................................................................... 185
9.3.14 Iron and Sodium Content .......................................................................................... 186
165
