Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
8
Chemical Engineering
for Bioenergy Plants
Concepts and Strategies
David R. Shonnard and Michael J. Brodeur-Campbell
Michigan Technological University
Abraham R. Martin-Garcia
University of Sonora
Tom N. Kalnes
UOP LLC
contents
8.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 134
8.1.1
An Overview of Biomass-to-Biofuels Processing Technologies .............................. 134
8.2
Plant Oils: Conversion to Biodiesel and Hydrocarbons ........................................................ 136
8.2.1
Introduction to the Processing Concepts ................................................................. 136
8.2.2
Process Descriptions ................................................................................................ 137
8.2.3
Current State of Commercialization ......................................................................... 139
8.3
Thermochemical Conversion of Plant Woody Biomass ....................................................... 141
8.3.1
Gasification-Based Conversion of Plant Biomass ..................................................... 141
8.3.1.1
Gasification of Biomass ............................................................................ 142
8.3.1.2
Synthesis Gas Clean-Up from Biomass Gasifier ....................................... 143
8.3.1.3
Water-Gas-Shift Reaction ........................................................................ 143
8.3.1.4
CO Hydrogenation Reaction ..................................................................... 14 4
8.3.2
Pyrolysis-Based Conversion of Plant Biomass ......................................................... 145
8.3.2.1
Pyrolysis Reactions ................................................................................... 145
8.3.2.2
Fast Pyrolysis ............................................................................................ 146
8.3.2.3
Properties of Pyrolysis Bio-Oil .................................................................. 146
8.3.2.4
Stability of Bio-Oil .................................................................................... 147
8.3.2.5
Catalytic Upgrading of Pyrolysis Bio-Oil ................................................. 148
8.3.2.6
Power Uses of Pyrolysis Bio-Oil ............................................................... 148
8.4
Biochemical Conversions Plant Woody Biomass ................................................................. 148
8.4.1
Overview of Biochemical Conversion Processes ..................................................... 149
8.4.2
Pretreatment Hydrolysis Conversions ...................................................................... 149
8.4.2.1
Low pH Pretreatments ............................................................................... 152
8.4.2.2
High pH Pretreatments .............................................................................. 152
8.4.2.3
Solvent Pretreatments ................................................................................ 153
133
