Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
'
Land-Water-Infrastructure
'
approach includes the following practices to be
implemented:
Large-scale application of GSI techniques in public areas.
Requirements and incentives for GSI implementation in private lands.
Large-scale tree planting.
Increased access and enhanced recreational opportunities on waterways.
Open spaces maintenance and use of them to manage stormwater on-site.
Redevelopment of empty and abandoned areas and transformation to open
spaces.
Restoration of streams for the improvement of aquatic habitats.
Grey stormwater infrastructure maintenance and improvement projects.
3.3 What Tools and Techniques for Green Stormwater
Infrastructure Have Been Used?
Applying Green Stormwater Infrastructure on an intensively urbanised area such as
Philadelphia necessitates an imaginative and decentralised planning and design
approach incorporating a mixture of different tools. Such tools include reduction of
impervious surfaces, in
ltration and subsurface storage, green roofs, swales, tree
planting, permeable/porous pavement, stormwater bump-outs and planter boxes,
and have been widely used in Philadelphia (PWD
2013
). Some of these tools are
displayed in Figs.
6
,
7
,
8
and
9
.
Most of the
financing of the 25-year programme will be provided by the PWD,
estimated at $2.4 billion, while private investments are expected to raise the total
budget to $3 billion (PWD
2013
). Moreover, incentives such as Parcel-Based
Billing Initiative are planned to encourage the private sector to implement green
stormwater infrastructure practices. The Parcel-Based Billing Initiative is a storm-
water fee charged to non-residential properties depending on their impervious
percentage coverage.
Finally, a cost
t analysis performed by the PWD to evaluate the best
approach for CSO demonstrated that for equal investment levels and similar CSO
volume reduction, the bene
-
bene
ts resulted by the application of distributed Green
Stormwater Infrastructure practices for a 40-year period, translated into economic
value, would be 20 times more than that of conventional stormwater infrastructure
such as large pipes and pumping stations. The estimated bene
ts included increased
recreational opportunities, enhanced aesthetics and property value, air quality
improvements, water quality and ecosystem improvement, green job creation and
reduced urban heat stress.
For such an ambitious project to succeed and achieve its objectives, a collaborative
procedure and the participation of numerous partners is required, including PWD,
businesses, interest groups, citizens, civic associations and neighbourhood groups.
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