Ground GNSS Ionosphere Sounding - GNSS Remote Sensing: Theory, Methods and Applications - page 79

a

Dst and Kp index

0

−50

−100

−150

−200

−250

−300

−350

Dst. NT
Kp* (−30)

−400

−450

20 Nov 21 Nov

19 Nov

−500

0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72

b

Fig. 4.7 The Dst index and geomagnetic activity Kp index on 19-21 Nov, 2003 ( a ) and VTEC
series at three grid points from 19 to 21 Nov 2003 ( b )

from non-seismic measurements, e.g., atmospheric, ionospheric or electromagnetic
observations. Here a case study of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake is carried out
using the ground GNSS observations.
The Mw D 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake occurred on May 12, 2008 at the Longmen
Shan fault, which is a thrust structure along the border of the Tibetan Plateau