Chemistry Reference
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d.
Ortho
,
para
-directing and ring-activating because of the unshared electron
pair on the nitrogen.
e.
Meta
-directing and ring-deactivating because of the partial positive charge on
the carbon.
f.
Ortho
,
para
-directing because of the lone pairs on bromine, but ring-
deactivating because of the electronegativity of Br.
g.
Ortho
,
para
-directing and ring-activating because of the unshared electron
pairs on the oxygen.
4.38
See Sec. 4.11 for a discussion of the orienting influence of substituents.
a.
b.
Cl
OCH
3
(and
ortho
)
c.
d.
SO
3
H
Br
CH
3
(and
ortho
)
Br
(and
ortho
)
e.
f.
Cl
I
(and
ortho
)
g.
O
CH
3
h.
C
(and
ortho
)
CH
3
(and
ortho
)
4.39
The 2-methyl-2-butene can be protonated by sulfuric acid to make a tertiary
carbocation (an electrophile). The electrophile can be attacked from the
ortho
and
