Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
Free-Radical Polymerization of Ethylene
R
+
C
C
RCC
RCC
+
C
C
R
C
C
C
C
(and so on)
Learning Objectives
1.
Know the meaning of: saturated and unsaturated; alkene, alkyne, and diene;
conjugated, cumulated, and isolated double bonds; vinyl and allyl groups.
Know the meaning of: trigonal carbon,
sp
2
hybridization, restricted rotation,
σ
and
π
bonds,
cis
and
trans
double-bond isomers.
2.
3.
Know the meaning of: addition reaction, Markovnikov's rule, electrophile,
nucleophile, symmetrical and unsymmetrical double bonds and reagents,
carbocation.
4.
Know the meaning of: equilibrium constants, reaction enthalpy, energy of activation,
transition state.
5.
Given information about the energetics of a reaction, be able to construct an
appropriate reaction energy diagram.
6.
Know the meaning of: 1,2-addition, 1,4-addition, cycloaddition, diene, dienophile,
polymer, monomer, polymerization.
7.
Know the meaning of: hydroboration, glycol, ozone, ozonolysis, combustion.
8.
Given the structure of an acyclic or cyclic alkene, alkyne, diene, and so on, state the
IUPAC name.
9.
Given the IUPAC name of an alkene, alkyne, diene, and so on, write the structural
formula.
10.
Given the molecular formula of a hydrocarbon and the number of double bonds,
triple bonds, or rings, draw the possible structures.
11.
Given the name or abbreviated structure of an unsaturated compound, tell whether it
can exist in
cis
and
trans
isomeric forms and, if so, how many. Draw them.
12.
Given an alkene, alkyne, or diene, and one of the following reagents, draw the
structure of the product reagents: acids such as HCl, HBr, Hl, and H
2
SO
4
; water in
the presence of an acid catalyst; halogens such as Br
2
and Cl
2
; hydrogen and Pd, Pt
or Ni.
13.
Given the structure or name of a compound that can be prepared by an addition
reaction, deduce what unsaturated compound and what reagent react to form it.
14.
Write the steps in the mechanism of an electrophilic addition reaction.
15.
Given an unsymmetrical alkene and an unsymmetrical electrophilic reagent, give the
structure of the predominant product (that is, apply Markovnikov's rule).
16.
Given a conjugated diene and a reagent that adds to it, write the structures of the
1,2-and 1,4-addition products.
