Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
Carbon compounds can be classified according to their molecular framework as
acyclic
(
not
cyclic),
carbocyclic
(containing rings of carbon atoms), or
heterocyclic
(containing at least one ring atom that is not carbon). They may also be classified according
to
functional
group
(Table 1.6).
Learning Objectives
∗
1.
Know the meaning of: nucleus, electrons, protons, neutrons, atomic number, atomic
weight, shells, orbitals, valence electrons, valence, kernel.
2.
Know the meaning of: electropositive, electronegative, ionic and covalent bonds,
radical, catenation, polar covalent bond, single and multiple bonds, nonbonding or
unshared electron pair, bond length, bond energy.
3.
Know the meaning of: molecular formula, structural formula, structural (or
constitutional) isomers, continuous and branched chain, formal charge, resonance,
contributing structures, sigma (
σ
) bond,
sp
3
-hybrid orbitals, tetrahedral carbon.
4.
Know the meaning of: acyclic, carbocyclic, heterocyclic, functional group.
5.
Given a periodic table, determine the number of valence electrons of an element and
write its electron-dot formula.
6.
Know the meaning of the following symbols:
δ
+
δ
-
7.
Given two elements and a periodic table, tell which element is more electropositive
or electronegative.
8.
Given the formula of a compound and a periodic table, classify the compound as
ionic or covalent.
9.
Given an abbreviated structural formula of a compound, write its electron-dot
formula.
10.
Given a covalent bond, tell whether it is polar. If it is, predict the direction of bond
polarity from the electronegativities of the atoms.
11.
Given a molecular formula, draw the structural formulas for all possible structural
isomers.
12.
Given a structural formula abbreviated on one line of type, write the complete
structure and clearly show the arrangement of atoms in the molecule.
13.
Given a line formula, such as (pentane), write the complete structure and
clearly show the arrangement of atoms in the molecule. Tell how many hydrogens
are attached to each carbon, what the molecular formula is, and what the functional
groups are.
14.
Given a simple molecular formula, draw the electron-dot formula and determine
whether each atom in the structure carries a formal charge.
∗
Although the objectives are often worded in the form of imperatives (i.e., determine …,write …, draw …), these
verbs are all to be preceded by the phrase “be able to …”. This phrase has been omitted to avoid repetition.
