Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 6.2
(continued)
Political & economic
developments
Environmental/internal governance
Environmental law & principles
Period
Country
Trend
1990
Switzerland
Further development &
strengthening of federal law
& legal enforcement in
environmental law
1991: Total revision of the LWater brought
into law from the Referendum
(Volksinitiative) 'Zur Rettung unsere
Gewässer', which focussed on better
waste water management at the legal
level. The opportunity was then taken to
implement further environmental
regulations. There was strong opposition
from hydropower interest groups to the
introduction of quantitative protection of
water, but a referendum opposing the new
law (on quantitative measures) was
rejected in a popular vote in 1992
Conflict with nature protection organisations
(see examples of the Thur and Sihl in
Zaugg 2002) lead to a growing awareness
of the global character of environmental
problems & bargaining processes and
solutions which integrated the different
uses of water
WPA & EPA amended to strengthen the
implementation of the implementation of
the polluter pays principle (PPP)
More integrated regime
1997: Further development of the PPP,
through the vote on 'Finzierung einer
nachhaltigen Abwasserbeseitigung un
Abfallentsorgung' (BB1 1996 IV 1219).
Transferred the burden of pollution clean
up from the state to private companies/
polluters
Chile
1989: Pinochet not re-elected as
president. 1990-1994:
Transitional Period
1992: Initial reforms to soften certain
neoliberal elements to the 1981 Water
Code were proposed (Bauer 1997), but
strongly opposed by economic interest
groups (e.g. agricultural groups) and
neoliberal economics and rights wing
politicians (Budds
2004
)
Conflicts between consumptive and non-
consumptive uses
Hording and environmental issues not
adequately addressed in the system
New democratic
centre-left coalition government
came to power, still broadly
committed to the neoliberal
model
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