Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 5.6
Studies Using the Negative Logarithm of Solubility Product Equilibrium
Constant (pK
sp
) to Predict Cation Toxicity
References
Test Systems
Cations
Shaw (1954a)
Inhibition of enzyme urease data
from Schmidt (1928) and Dounce
and Lan (1949)
Schmidt (1928): Ag
1+
, Cd
2+
, Co
2+
,
Cu
2+
, Hg
2+
, Mn
2+
, Pb
2+
, Zn
2+
.
Dounce
and Lan (1949): Ag
1+
,
Cd
2+
, Co
2+
, Cu
2+
, Hg
2+
, Mn
2+
Shaw (1954b)
Literature data on effects of cations
on
the diastase enzyme,
paramecium, planarian, and
stickleback
Ag
1+
, Cd
2+
, Co
2+
, Cu
2+
, Hg
2+
,
Mn
2+
, Ni
2+
, Pb
2+
, Zn
2+
Grushkin (1956)
Determination of LD
50
values in
guppies (
Lebistes reticulatus
) and
toad (
Bufo valliceps
) tadpoles
Chlorides of Hg
2+
and Ni
2+
,
nitrates of Ag
1+
, Cd
2+
, Co
2+
and
Pb
2+
and sulfates of Cu
2+
, Mn
2+
and Zn
2+
Shaw and Grushkin (1957)
Determination of LD
50
values in
guppies (
Lebistes reticulatus
) and
toad (
Bufo valliceps
) tadpoles
Ag
1+
, Cd
2+
, Co
2+
, Cu
2+
, Hg
2+
,
Mn
2+
, Ni
2+
, Pb
2+
, Zn
2+
Biesinger and Christensen
(1972)
Concentrations of ions effecting a
16% reproductive impairment of
Daphnia magna
after 3 weeks
Chlorides of Cd
2+
, Co
2+
, Cu
2+
,
Hg
2+
, Mn
2+
, Ni
2+
, Sn
2+
, Pb
2+
,
Zn
2+
Khangarot and Ray (1989)
48-hour tests with
Daphnia magna
to measure EC
50
values based on
immobilization
11 cations; not specified which
ones
Workentine et al. (2008)
Pseudomonas fluorescens
ATCC
13525 was grown in a Calgary
Biofilm Device and exposed to
different metal ions
44 metal ions (anions and
cations)
Khangarot and Das (2009)
48-hr tests with ostracod
Cypris
subglobosa
Sowerby 1840 to
measure EC
50
values based on
immobilization
8 cations; not specified which
ones
5.2.3 S
tandard
r
Eduction
-o
xidation
P
otEntial
The standard reduction-oxidation potential represents the absolute difference in elec-
trochemical potential between an ion and its first stable reduced state (ΔE
0
), or in other
terms, the ability of an ion to change its electronic state. Nine studies used standard
reduction-oxidation potential to predict cation toxicity (
Table 5.7
). These studies were
reviewed by Walker et al. (2003), except for Workentine et al. (2008) and Mendes
et al.
(2010). None of the QSARs were described or discussed by Walker et al. (2003).
Kaiser (1980) used data from Biesinger and Christensen (1972) to develop 2
centration of ions causing a 16% reproductive impairment to develop the relationship
