Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 5.5
Studies Using Standard Electrode Potential to Predict Cation Toxicity
Reference
Test Systems
Cations
Mathews (1904)
Development of eggs of the fish
Fundulus
heteroclitus
(determination of the
concentration which prevents embryo
formation)
Ag
1+
, Al
3+
, Au
3+
, Ba
2+
, Ca
2+
,
Cd
2+
, Co
2+
, Cu
2+
, Fe
2+
, Fe
3+
,
Hg
2+
, K
1+
, Li
1+
, Mg
2+
, Mn
2+
,
Na
1+
, Ni
2+
, Pb
2+
, Sr
2+
, Zn
2+
.
McGuigan (1904)
Inhibition of the action of malt diastase on
starch (determination of the concentration
of each salt sufficient to prevent the
formation of sugar in one hour at 40°C)
AgNO
3
, Ag
2
SO
4
, AuCl
3
, HgCl
2
,
CuCl
2
, PbNO
3
, NiCl
2
, CoCl
2
,
FeCl
3
, CdCl
2
, ZnCl
2
, MnCl
2
,
AlCl
3
, MgCl
2
, LiCl, CaCl
2
,
SrCl
2
, BaCl
2
, NaI, KI, NaCl,
KCl, KOH, NaOH, KHSO
4
.
Woodruff and
Bunzel (1909)
Toxicity toward the
paramecium
(determination of the concentration
necessary to kill within two seconds one
half of the organisms tested at 20°C)
Ag
1+
, Ca
2+
, Cd
2+
, Co
2+
, Cu
2+
,
Fe
3+
, Hg
2+
, K
1+
, Mg
2+
, Mn
2+
,
Ni
2+
, Pb
2+
, Sr
2+
, Zn
2+
.
Jones (1939)
Determination of lethal concentration limits
in the stickleback (
Gasterosteus
aculeatus
).
Ag
1+
, Al
3+
, Au
3+
, Ba
2+
, Ca
2+
,
Cd
2+
, Co
2+
, Cr
3+
, Cu
2+
, Hg
2+
,
K
1+
, Mg
2+
, Mn
2+
, Na
1+
, Ni
2+
,
Pb
2+
, Sr
2+
, Zn
2+
.
Jones (1940)
Determination of the concentration at which
a survival time of 48 h is attained for the
planarian
Polycelis nigra.
Ag
1+
, Al
3+
, As
3+
, Au
3+
, Ca
2+
, Cd
2+
,
Co
2+
, Cr
3+
, Cu
2+
, Hg
2+
, K
1+
,
Mg
2+
, Mn
2+
, Na
1+
, Ni
2+
, Pb
2+
,
Sr
2+
, Zn
2+
.
Turner et al. (1983)
Data from Williams et al.
(1982)
Intraperitoneal (ip) injections in mice to
estimate 14-day LD
50
values and dietary
exposures in
Drosophila melanogaster
(4-day LC
50
values)
Ba
2+
, Be
2+
, Cd
2+
, Co
2+
, Cu
2+
,
Hg
2+
, Mg
2+
, Mn
2+
, Ni
2+
, Pb
2+
,
Pd
2+
, Pt
2+
, Sr
2+
, Zn
2+
Lewis et al. (1999)
Data from Venugopal and Luckey (1978)
Acute toxicity to mice (ip data) (LD
50
values)
Al
3+
, Ag
1+
, AsO
2
−
, Ca
2+
, Cd
2+
,
Co
2+
, Cr
3+
, Cu
2+
, Fe
3+
, Ga
3+
,
Hg
2+
, In
3+
, K
1+
, La
3+
, Mg
2+
,
Mn
2+
, Na
1+
, Nb
3+
, Ni
2+
, Li
1+
,
Pb
2+
, SbO
+
, Sc
3+
, Sn
2+
, Sr
2+
,
Ta
3+
, Ti
2+
, Tl
3+
, Zn
2+
, Y
3+
.
Enache et al.
(2003)
Determination of the concentration at which
there is a 50% decrease in the rate of callus
development in the sunflower (
Helianthus
annuus
F.1.
Sunspot)
Ca
2+
, Cd
2+
, Co
2+
, Cu
2+
, K
1+
, Li
1+
,
Mg
2+
, Mn
2+
, Na
1+
, Ni
2+
, Zn
2+
probability of a chance correlation, and pT50 is the negative logarithm of toxicity
expressed as a mouse LD
50
value. The test system and the 30 cations used to develop
the Lewis et al. (1999) QSAR are provided in Table 5.5.
Enache et al.
(2003) determined the concentration at which there was a 50%
decrease in the rate of callus development in the sunflower (
Helianthus annuus
