Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Between 1993 and 1995 extensive further studies were undertaken to feed
into the development of further ICDP activities in the Ulugurus (Bhatia
and Ringia, 1996; Bhatia and Buckley, 1998). The results of these studies
were used to design the Phase 2 DANIDA support on this mountain. At
this point a logical framework approach was used to capture the links
between the inputs and outputs of the project, and the ways to measure
conservation achievement. Planning of the Phase 3 project involved
Tanzanian and foreign development experts, social scientists and a series
of consultative meetings with relevant local people living on the mountain
to further rei ne the series of project interventions (Hartley and Kaare,
2001). A further detailed logical framework was developed, but despite
the increased stakeholder involvement it was quite similar to that from
the second phase. Designing the third phase did, however, highlight the
importance of the traditional leadership on the mountain. The village gov-
ernment that was part of the Tanzanian government structure held some
power, but it was not in charge of land allocation, which passed through
the female line of dif erent clans of the Luguru people. By looking closely
at dif erent stakeholders, the Phase 3 proposals were able to capture the
facts that:
Almost all government oi cers (national, regional, district, divi-
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sion, ward and village) wished to retain the reserves in their present
form to ensure the maintenance of national (water l ow) and local
(better climate for farming) values. As the reserves had been under
government control for a long time (almost 100 years) most of the
local population also accepted their existence as a part of the local
pattern of land use.
The traditional chiefs wanted to retain the Forest Reserves (and
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other non-reserved forest areas) as places where their ancestors
could remain undisturbed, and also because of some sacred sites and
so animals (in particular a mythical giant snake) could i nd refuge.
Some groups of people within the villages also wanted to retain the
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Forest Reserves as sources of clean water, medicinal herbs (tra-
ditional healers), for hunting, to provide fuel and building wood
(which was often not available in farmland areas), or for spiritual
reasons (a place for the ancestors to live).
However, other stakeholder groups wished to obtain greater freedom of
access to the forests to pursue a number of activities:
For some people, growing bananas has become a lucrative activity
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(Hymas, 1999). This crop grows best on recently cleared forest soil,
