Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Notes
1.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6334327.stm, accessed 31 August 2009.
2.
1. (a) Member States should ensure that a minimum proportion of biofuels and
other renewable fuels is placed on their markets, and, to that ef ect, shall set
national indicative targets.
(b) (i) A reference value for these targets shall be 2%, calculated on the basis of
energy content, of all petrol and diesel for transport purposes placed on
their markets by 31 December 2005.
(ii) A reference value for these targets shall be 5.75%, calculated on the basis
of energy content, of all petrol and diesel for transport purposes placed
on their markets by 31 December 2010.
(Article 3, Directive 2003/30/EC,
OJ L
123, pp. 44-5)
3. A measure that requires the oil suppliers to put a certain percentage of biofuels in the fuel
they supply to the market.
4. It is estimated that 17 million hectares of arable land will be needed to produce biofuels
to meet this target completely from the domestic production. Given the total arable land
in the EU of 97 million hectares, meeting the biofuels target set for 2010 entirely from the
EU domestic production is thought to be 'technologically feasible in principle'. However,
due to WTO regulations and other trade agreements, the EU cannot block the import of
(potentially cheaper) biofuels and biofuel feedstocks (mainly from developing countries).
'Therefore, the scenario of 100% domestic production is a theoretical one and would not
be possible in practice' (European Commission, 2005).
5 http://statistics.defra.gov.uk/esg/quick/agri.asp, accessed 31 August 2009.
6. Net energy balance is the dif erence between energy in the biofuels and the energy
equivalence of fossil fuel inputs used in producing, harvesting and processing the fuel.
Net energy balance is usually calculated as a ratio - called Net Energy Ratio (NER) - of
biofuel energy to the fossil fuel energy used in production of the biofuel. NER greater
than 1 shows a 'positive' net energy balance, which indicates that the biofuel generates
more energy than that used to produce it.
7.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4988018.stm, accessed 31 August 2009.
8.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6334327.stm, accessed 31 August 2009.
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