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highly segregated paterns of residential setlement that were
customary in the United States.
4. Finally, this analysis makes plain that, rather than being the
exemplar of urban society and change in the United States,
Chicago was an extreme case with respect to black-white
segregation. This is a further argument for looking at many
cities before one declares what is typical or what is a trend.
In short, segregation for African Americans in the United States
developed very early. Although it has been quite persistent for decades,
it may not last forever.
Notes
1. Throughout this chapter I use the
terms “African American” and “ black ”
interchangeably. Currently, the Bureau of
the Census has as one answer to its ques-
tion about race the options “Black, African
American or Negro.” For purposes of this
essay all three terms are equivalent.
2. See Isabel Wilkerson,
he Warmth
of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America's
Great Migration
(New York: Random
House, 2010).
3. See Nicholas Lemann, The Prom-
ised Land: The Great Black Migration and
How It Changed America (New York:
K nopf, 19 91).
4. Minnesota Population Center,
National Historical Geographic Informa-
tion System: Pre-release Version 0.1
(M in-
neapolis: University of Minnesota, 2004),
htp://www.nhgis.org.
5. See John Logan,
Urban Transi-
tion Historical GIS Project, 2010,
Spatial
Structures in the Social Sciences (S4)
(Providence, R .I.: Brown University, 2010),
htp://www.s4.brown.edu/utp/index.htm.
6. Howard W hipple Green and Leon
E. Truesdell, Census Tracts in American
Cities (Census Tract Manual): A Brief
History of the Census Tract Movement
with an Outline of Procedure and Sug-
gested Modification (Washington, D.C.:
U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1937).
7. See Logan, Urban Transition His-
torical GIS Project.
8. Robert L. Ransom and R ichard
Sutch,
One Kind of Freedom: The Economic
Consequences of Emancipation,
2nd ed.
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2 0 01).
9. D. W. Miller, “The New Urban
Studies,”
Chronicle of Higher Education,
18
August 2000, A15.
10. The model was most well developed
in Robert E. Park, “The City: Suggestions
for the Investigations of Human Behavior
in the Urban Environment,” in
The City,
ed. Robert E. Park, Ernest W. Burgess, and
Roderick D. McKenzie (Chicago: Univer-
sity of Chicago Press, 1925), 12. Figure 2.1,
however, is from Burgess's “Residential
Segregation in American Cities: The
American Negro,”
Annals of the American
Academy of Political and Social Science
140
(November 1928): 105-15.
11. Drake St. Clair and Horace R . Clay-
ton,
Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro
Life in a Northern City
(New York:
Harcourt, Brace, 1945). This is a volu-
