Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
to clarify the acute and chronic safety concerns of ZnONPs. Chen
et al.
have reported the radioactive zinc oxide nanoparticles (R-ZnONPs) for
the
in vivo
biodistribution studies using mice as the animal mode [26].
Nanomedicine of ers solutions for improving stent coating using nanoma-
terials with tailored and controllable properties that utilize human platelets
response towards carbon-based nanocoatings via atomic force microscope
(AFM), which facilitate the comprehensive analysis of platelets behavior
onto stent nanocoatings and enable the study of thrombogenicity. Altering
the surface topography of nanocoatings, the activation of platelets af ected
due to high surface roughness of carbon nanocoatings were found to be
less thrombogenic in terms of platelets adhesion [27]. Magnetic nanopar-
ticles have been used for biological and biomedical applications such as
protein separation, targeted drug delivery, hyperthermia treatment, as
contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging, biosensing, and magnetic
l uids environmental remediation. However, dif erent polymeric coat-
ings are applied to provide solubility and stability in aqueous solution and
additional functional groups for attachment [28]. Ventilator-associated
pneumonia (VAP) is a serious and costly clinical problem today. Especially
dii cult to diagnose in the pediatric population, VAP causes high morbid-
ity, mortality, and medical costs. h e use of nanomodii ed coatings, with
selenium and iron oxide, has checked the bacterial adhesion inside the
ventilator surface [29]. Nanoparticles interact with proteins, membranes,
cells, DNA and organelles and establish a series of nanoparticle/biological
interfaces that depend on colloidal forces as well as dynamic biophysico-
chemical interactions. h ese interactions lead to the formation of protein
coronas, particle wrapping, intracellular uptake and biocatalytic processes
that could have biocompatible or bioadverse outcomes. h e biomolecules
may induce phase transformations, free energy releases, restructuring and
dissolution at the nanomaterial surface. h us, the relationships between
structure and activity are determined by nanomaterial properties such as
size, shape, surface chemistry, roughness and surface coatings. h is knowl-
edge is important for the safe use of nanomaterials [30]. Nanosilver parti-
cles are smaller than 100 nm. At nanoscale level, silver exhibits remarkably
unusual physical, chemical and biological properties. Due to its strong
antibacterial activity, nanosilver is used in textiles, implants, treatment of
wounds and burns, contraceptives, water disinfectants and room sprays.
h us, the use of nanosilver is becoming more and more widespread in
medicine and related applications. Due to increasing exposure to nanosil-
ver, toxicological and environmental issues need to be raised such as
biodistribution, organ accumulation, degradation, etc. [31]. h e modali-
ties that can be employed towards medical diagnostics and therapeutics
